Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Ünite 1'de Past Simple ile biten, kapanmış olayları anlatmıştık: "Yesterday I visited my aunt." Now we meet a tense that connects the past to now: the Present Perfect. Present Perfect, olayın ne zaman olduğunu söylemez; önemli olan deneyim ya da sonucun bugüne uzanmasıdır. Hayatının bir noktasında bir şeyi yapıp yapmadığını anlatır.
Fark şu: "I visited Italy in 2019" (Past Simple — belirli zaman) ama "I have visited Italy" (Present Perfect — deneyim, zaman önemsiz). Bu bölümde yapıyı, ever/never ile deneyimi ve just/already/yet kelimelerini öğreneceğiz.
Present Perfect iki parçadan oluşur: yardımcı fiil have ya da has, ve ana fiilin üçüncü hâli (past participle / V3). The subject decides between have and has.
| Özne | Yardımcı | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have ('ve) | haven't | I have seen that film. |
| he / she / it | has ('s) | hasn't | She has seen that film. |
Soru yapısında have/has öznenin önüne geçer:
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + have/has + V3 | They have arrived. |
| Olumsuz | özne + haven't/hasn't + V3 | They haven't arrived. |
| Soru | Have/Has + özne + V3? | Have they arrived? |
Düzenli fiillerde V3, Past Simple ile aynıdır: fiile -ed eklenir (work → worked → worked). İyi haber: yeni bir şey ezberlemezsin. Düzensiz fiillerde ise V3 çoğu zaman ikinci hâlden (V2) farklıdır ve ezberlenmelidir. Aşağıdaki en sık kullanılan V3'leri iyi öğren.
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| be | been |
| go | gone / been |
| do | done |
| have | had |
| see | seen |
| eat | eaten |
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| take | taken |
| write | written |
| give | given |
| speak | spoken |
| break | broken |
| drink | drunk |
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| make | made |
| meet | met |
| buy | bought |
| find | found |
| win | won |
| read | read |
Present Perfect'in en yaygın kullanımı, hayat deneyimlerini anlatmaktır. Burada iki küçük kelime çok işe yarar: ever ve never.
| Kelime | Nerede? | Örnek | Anlamı |
|---|---|---|---|
| ever | soruda, have/has + özne'den sonra | Have you ever been to London? | Hiç Londra'ya gittin mi? |
| never | olumlu cümlede, have/has'ten sonra | I have never been to London. | Hiç Londra'ya gitmedim. |
Bu üç kelime Present Perfect ile çok sık kullanılır ve cümledeki yerleri farklıdır. Yeri karıştırmak en sık yapılan hatadır.
| Kelime | Anlamı | Yeri | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | az önce, daha yeni | have/has + just + V3 | I have just finished lunch. |
| already | çoktan, zaten | have/has + already + V3 | She has already left. |
| yet | henüz / daha (olumsuz & soru) | cümlenin sonunda | They haven't arrived yet. · Has it started yet? |
Basit bir ipucu: cümlede belirli bir geçmiş zaman ifadesi varsa (yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago) Past Simple kullan. Zaman söylenmiyor, sadece deneyim ya da bugüne etki varsa Present Perfect kullan.
| Present Perfect (deneyim / zaman yok) | Past Simple (belirli geçmiş zaman) |
|---|---|
| I have visited Rome. | I visited Rome in 2019. |
| She has just called. | She called ten minutes ago. |
| Have you ever eaten sushi? | Did you eat sushi last night? |
Türkçe konuşanların Present Perfect'te en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I have saw the film. | I have seen the film. | have'den sonra V3 gelir (saw = V2). |
| She have finished. | She has finished. | he/she/it → has. |
| I haven't never been there. | I have never been there. | never zaten olumsuzdur. |
| I have yet finished. | I haven't finished yet. | yet cümlenin sonunda, olumsuzda. |
| I have already ate. | I have already eaten. | already + V3 (eaten). |
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. | yesterday → Past Simple. |
Bu ünitede her şeyi unutsan bile bu dört kuralı unutma — quiz ve yazıda tam olarak bunlar ölçülür.
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk at school. Koyu yazılan Present Perfect yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about amazing things you or your family have done. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Senin ya da ailenin yaptığı harika şeyler hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): ever · never · just · already · been · won · travelled · experience
Every year, Class 4B has a special day called "Amazing People Day". On this day, each student stands up and talks about a person who has done something amazing. This year, the teacher, Mr. Kaya, has asked the children to talk about their own families. "Everyone has an amazing story," he says, "you only have to look for it."
Elif is the first to speak. "My grandmother has done many amazing things," she says. "She has sailed across a big sea in a small boat, and she has visited more than twenty countries. She has never been afraid of the water. Once, she has even swum with dolphins!" The class claps loudly.
Next is Can. "My uncle has climbed some of the highest mountains in our country," he says. "He has walked for days in the snow, and he has slept in a tent on the ice. He has never given up, even when the weather was very bad. He has taught me that hard things are possible."
Then Zeynep stands up. She looks a little shy. "I have not got a famous family," she says quietly, "but my mother is amazing to me. She has worked as a nurse for twenty years, and she has helped thousands of people. She has never missed a night at the hospital. I think that is amazing too." Everyone agrees, and Mr. Kaya smiles. "Amazing does not always mean famous," he says.
Deniz has brought a photo. "This is my big brother," he says. "He has won three chess competitions, and he has played against a real champion before. He has never lost his patience, and he has taught many younger children how to play. Now they love chess because of him."
The last student is Berk. "My grandfather has an amazing job," he says. "He has grown fruit on the same farm for fifty years. He has planted hundreds of trees, and some of them are older than my father! He has always said that a good farmer must be patient. I have learned a lot from him."
After all the stories, Mr. Kaya asks a question. "So, have you ever done something amazing yourselves?" The children think for a moment. "I have learned to ride a bike this year," says Elif. "I have written my first short story," says Zeynep. "And I have just started to learn the guitar," says Can. Mr. Kaya nods happily. "You see? You have all done amazing things already, and you are still very young."
At the end of the day, the class makes a big poster. On the poster, they write all the amazing things their families and they themselves have done. "We have filled the whole wall!" laughs Deniz. Mr. Kaya looks proud. "Every person in the world has a story," he says. "Some people have climbed mountains, and some people have helped others quietly. Both are amazing."
That night, Elif has told her grandmother about Amazing People Day. "You are the star of my story," she says. Her grandmother laughs. "I have done a few things," she says, "but the most amazing thing is that you have listened." Elif has smiled, and she has promised to write down every story, so her family will never forget them.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why does Mr. Kaya say "Amazing does not always mean famous"?
2. Name two amazing things the students' families have done.
3. What amazing things have the children done themselves?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker describes high schools in the United States. (Bir konuşmacı ABD liselerini anlatıyor.)
You will hear a talk about American high schools. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Amerikan liseleri hakkında bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Deneyimlerini anlatırken bunlar çok işine yarar.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I have travelled a lot and I have tried new food. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I have visited Rome, but I have never been to Paris. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I have just started a course, so I feel happy. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | It was a great experience because I met new people. |
| when | -diğinde | Zaman bildirir | When I was young, I never travelled abroad. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After the trip, I have visited them again. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I have never seen snow before. |
Bir deneyim paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Genel bir konu cümlesi | I have had many interesting experiences. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Yaptığın şeyler (have/has + V3), bir de hiç yapmadığın bir şey | I have visited three countries, but I have never been to Asia. |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / şu an ne hissettiğin | I have just started a new hobby, so I feel excited. |
Write about the amazing things you (or someone in your family) have done. (Senin ya da ailenden birinin yaptığı harika şeyleri anlat.) Use the Present Perfect.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...