Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şimdiye kadar hep bugünden ve genel gerçeklerden konuştun. Now it is time to talk about the past. When you tell a friend what you did yesterday, where you went last weekend, or what happened on your holiday, you need a new tense: the Past Simple. Past Simple, geçmişte başlayıp biten olayları anlatır — bir kez oldu, tamamlandı ve kapandı.
Bu bölümde önce be fiilinin geçmişini (was / were) kısaca hatırlayacağız. Then we will study regular verbs (-ed) and irregular verbs, questions and negatives with did / didn't, short answers, and past time expressions. Adım adım gidelim.
A2'ye başlarken bunu zaten biliyorsun, so this is just a quick bridge. "Olmak" fiilinin geçmiş hâli iki şekildedir: was ve were. These describe states in the past — where somebody was, how they felt, what something was like.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / he / she / it | was | wasn't | She was tired yesterday. |
| you / we / they | were | weren't | We were at the park. |
Çoğu fiil geçmişte -ed alır. This is the easy part: no new word to memorize, you just add an ending. Ama yazımda (spelling) dört küçük kural var. Bunları öğren, çünkü sınavda ve yazıda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu fiil | + ed | work → worked · watch → watched · play → played |
| -e ile biten | + d | live → lived · arrive → arrived · like → liked |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ied | study → studied · try → tried · carry → carried |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + ed | stop → stopped · plan → planned · shop → shopped |
Some verbs do not follow the -ed rule. Bunların geçmiş hâli tamamen farklı bir kelimedir ve ezberlenmesi gerekir. İyi haber: en çok kullanılanlar bir avuç kadardır. Aşağıdaki listeyi iyi öğren — günlük konuşmanın çoğu bu fiillerle döner.
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| have | had |
| do | did |
| make | made |
| see | saw |
| come | came |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| take | took |
| get | got |
| give | gave |
| know | knew |
| think | thought |
| say | said |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| find | found |
| buy | bought |
| tell | told |
| meet | met |
| eat | ate |
| write | wrote |
Olumlu cümlede fiili değiştiririz. But for questions and negatives, we use a helper: did. Bütün öznelerde aynıdır — he/she/it için bile "did" (does değil). En önemli kural şu: did / didn't'ten sonra fiil yalın hâle döner.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + geçmiş fiil | She went to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitti. |
| Olumsuz | özne + didn't + yalın fiil | She didn't go to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitmedi. |
| Soru | Did + özne + yalın fiil | Did she go to Ankara? | Ankara'ya gitti mi? |
Bir Past Simple sorusuna kısa cevap vermek çok kolaydır, because you only need did or didn't — fiili tekrar etmezsin. Özne ne olursa olsun kalıp aynıdır.
| Soru | Olumlu | Olumsuz |
|---|---|---|
| Did you call her? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did he finish his homework? | Yes, he did. | No, he didn't. |
| Did they enjoy the trip? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
Past Simple genellikle bir zaman ifadesiyle birlikte gelir. These words tell the listener that the action is finished and in the past. En sık kullanılanlar şunlardır:
| İfade | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | dün | I saw them yesterday. |
| last night / week / year | dün gece / geçen hafta / geçen yıl | We met last week. |
| ... ago | ... önce | He left two hours ago. |
| in 2019 / in May | 2019'da / Mayıs'ta | We moved here in 2019. |
| when I was young | gençken / çocukken | When I was a child, I lived in Bursa. |
Türkçe konuşanların Past Simple'da en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I goed home. | I went home. | go düzensizdir; "goed" yoktur. |
| Did you went home? | Did you go home? | did'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| She didn't went. | She didn't go. | didn't'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| He did not knew. | He did not know. | did not = didn't; sonrası yalın fiil. |
| We was late. | We were late. | you / we / they → were. |
| Yesterday I go to school. | Yesterday I went to school. | "yesterday" varsa fiil geçmiş olmalı. |
| Two days ago I have called. | Two days ago I called. | Belirli geçmiş zamanla Past Simple kullanılır. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about their weekend on Monday morning. Koyu yazılan geçmiş zaman yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about your summer holiday. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Yaz tatilin hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): summer · beach · travelled · swam · built · collected · visited · camped · bought · sunny
My name is Elif, and I am ten years old. Last summer was the best holiday of my life. School finished in June, so my family and I packed our big blue suitcase and travelled to a small town by the sea. My grandparents live there in a white house with a garden full of lemon trees.
We left home very early in the morning. The trip was long, and I was tired, but I was also very excited. When we arrived, my grandma hugged us and made a big lunch. We ate fresh fish and salad in the garden. After lunch, my little brother Kaan and I ran straight to the beach.
The beach was wonderful. The sea was warm and blue, and the sky was sunny every day. On the first day, I swam for a long time, and Kaan built a big sandcastle near the water. We collected pretty shells and small stones, and we put them in a little bag. I didn't want to go home for dinner!
Every morning after breakfast, we went to the seaside again. Grandpa came with us because he loved to swim too. He taught me how to float on my back. At first I was afraid, but then I felt safe, and I laughed a lot. Grandma didn't swim, but she sat under a big umbrella and read her book.
One afternoon, we didn't go to the beach. Instead, we visited an old castle on a hill. We climbed many steps, and from the top we saw the whole town and the blue sea. It was amazing. Before we went home, we bought cold ice cream from a small shop. Mine was chocolate, and Kaan's was strawberry.
The little town was quiet and pretty. Every evening, we walked along the harbour and watched the fishing boats come back. The sky turned pink and orange, and the air smelled of salt and flowers. Sometimes we ate dinner at a small restaurant near the water, and I always chose grilled fish because it was Grandpa's favourite too.
Not every day was perfect. On Thursday, dark clouds came, and it rained hard. We couldn't go outside, so we stayed at home and played board games with Grandpa. He told us funny stories about his own summers when he was a boy. We laughed until our stomachs hurt. The rain wasn't a problem — it was a happy day too.
At the weekend, my cousins arrived from the city. Now we were a big group of children, and the house was noisy and fun. We camped one night in the garden in a green tent. We didn't sleep much because we talked and looked at the stars. In the morning, we were tired, but nobody was sad.
The last day was hard. I didn't want to leave. I hugged my grandparents for a long time, and Grandma gave me a jar of homemade jam for the trip. On the way home, I looked at my little bag of shells and smiled.
That night, I wrote in my diary: "This was my best summer. The sea, the sandcastles, the ice cream, and my family made it perfect. Next year, I want to come back again." Then I closed my eyes and dreamed about the blue sea.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct past verb from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru geçmiş fiille tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Where did Elif's family travel, and who lives there?
2. What did they do when it rained on Thursday?
3. How did Elif feel on the last day? Why?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Practise a real conversation about your summer holiday. (Yaz tatilin hakkında gerçek bir konuşma yap.)
Önce dinle-gör: iki arkadaş hafta sonlarını anlatıyor. Read it aloud two times — first as A, then as B. Koyu yazılan Past Simple yapılarına dikkat et; bunları birazdan kendi konuşmanda kullanacaksın.
Şimdi sıra sende. Answer these questions out loud in full Past Simple sentences — sesli olarak, tam cümlelerle. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla A/B rolleriyle canlandır. Amaç: geçmiş zamanı akıcı biçimde konuşabilmek.
Söylediklerini yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down what you said and submit it for feedback — optional.) Konuştuğun cevapları 5-6 cümlelik kısa bir diyalog ya da paragraf hâlinde yaz.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. A2 seviyesinde A1'in bağlaçlarına üç yeni zaman bağlacı ekliyoruz: when, after, before. These are perfect for telling a story about the past.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I cooked and we ate together. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I was tired but happy. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It rained, so we stayed inside. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I was happy because I saw my friends. |
| when | -diğinde | Aynı anki olay | When I arrived, the party started. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After lunch, we went home. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I called her before I left. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I woke up late. I met my friend. We walked in the park. I was tired. I was happy. | I woke up late because I was tired. After breakfast, I met my friend and we walked in the park. I was tired, but I was happy. |
Bir anlatı paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Konu cümlesi: ne zaman, genel his | Last weekend was really nice. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Ne yaptığın, sırayla. Bağlaçlarla ve zaman ifadeleriyle bağla. | On Saturday I visited my family, and after lunch we... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / genel değerlendirme | I didn't do much, but I enjoyed my weekend a lot. |
Write about your last summer holiday. (Son yaz tatilini anlat.) Use the Past Simple.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...