Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şimdiye kadar hep bugünden ve genel gerçeklerden konuştun. Now it is time to talk about the past. When you tell a friend what you did yesterday, where you went last weekend, or what happened on your holiday, you need a new tense: the Past Simple. Past Simple, geçmişte başlayıp biten olayları anlatır — bir kez oldu, tamamlandı ve kapandı.
Bu bölümde önce be fiilinin geçmişini (was / were) kısaca hatırlayacağız. Then we will study regular verbs (-ed) and irregular verbs, questions and negatives with did / didn't, short answers, and past time expressions. Adım adım gidelim.
A2'ye başlarken bunu zaten biliyorsun, so this is just a quick bridge. "Olmak" fiilinin geçmiş hâli iki şekildedir: was ve were. These describe states in the past — where somebody was, how they felt, what something was like.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / he / she / it | was | wasn't | She was tired yesterday. |
| you / we / they | were | weren't | We were at the park. |
Çoğu fiil geçmişte -ed alır. This is the easy part: no new word to memorize, you just add an ending. Ama yazımda (spelling) dört küçük kural var. Bunları öğren, çünkü sınavda ve yazıda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu fiil | + ed | work → worked · watch → watched · play → played |
| -e ile biten | + d | live → lived · arrive → arrived · like → liked |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ied | study → studied · try → tried · carry → carried |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + ed | stop → stopped · plan → planned · shop → shopped |
Some verbs do not follow the -ed rule. Bunların geçmiş hâli tamamen farklı bir kelimedir ve ezberlenmesi gerekir. İyi haber: en çok kullanılanlar bir avuç kadardır. Aşağıdaki listeyi iyi öğren — günlük konuşmanın çoğu bu fiillerle döner.
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| have | had |
| do | did |
| make | made |
| see | saw |
| come | came |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| take | took |
| get | got |
| give | gave |
| know | knew |
| think | thought |
| say | said |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| find | found |
| buy | bought |
| tell | told |
| meet | met |
| eat | ate |
| write | wrote |
Olumlu cümlede fiili değiştiririz. But for questions and negatives, we use a helper: did. Bütün öznelerde aynıdır — he/she/it için bile "did" (does değil). En önemli kural şu: did / didn't'ten sonra fiil yalın hâle döner.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + geçmiş fiil | She went to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitti. |
| Olumsuz | özne + didn't + yalın fiil | She didn't go to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitmedi. |
| Soru | Did + özne + yalın fiil | Did she go to Ankara? | Ankara'ya gitti mi? |
Bir Past Simple sorusuna kısa cevap vermek çok kolaydır, because you only need did or didn't — fiili tekrar etmezsin. Özne ne olursa olsun kalıp aynıdır.
| Soru | Olumlu | Olumsuz |
|---|---|---|
| Did you call her? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did he finish his homework? | Yes, he did. | No, he didn't. |
| Did they enjoy the trip? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
Past Simple genellikle bir zaman ifadesiyle birlikte gelir. These words tell the listener that the action is finished and in the past. En sık kullanılanlar şunlardır:
| İfade | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | dün | I saw them yesterday. |
| last night / week / year | dün gece / geçen hafta / geçen yıl | We met last week. |
| ... ago | ... önce | He left two hours ago. |
| in 2019 / in May | 2019'da / Mayıs'ta | We moved here in 2019. |
| when I was young | gençken / çocukken | When I was a child, I lived in Bursa. |
Türkçe konuşanların Past Simple'da en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I goed home. | I went home. | go düzensizdir; "goed" yoktur. |
| Did you went home? | Did you go home? | did'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| She didn't went. | She didn't go. | didn't'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| He did not knew. | He did not know. | did not = didn't; sonrası yalın fiil. |
| We was late. | We were late. | you / we / they → were. |
| Yesterday I go to school. | Yesterday I went to school. | "yesterday" varsa fiil geçmiş olmalı. |
| Two days ago I have called. | Two days ago I called. | Belirli geçmiş zamanla Past Simple kullanılır. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about their weekend on Monday morning. Koyu yazılan geçmiş zaman yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about the past. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Geçmiş hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): arrived · visited · met · bought · stayed · finished · enjoyed · last · ago
Green Park School is a friendly school in Istanbul. Every year the students make a big spring show with music, dancing, and colourful posters. This year the show was more important than ever, because a class from Ankara wanted to visit and watch it. For one whole week, the children were very busy. Here is the story of that week, day by day.
Last week was very busy at Green Park School. On Monday morning, Mia arrived at school early because she had an important job. Her teacher, Miss Deniz, wanted a new poster for the big school show. Mia worked hard all day, so she didn't have a long lunch break.
Mia loved to draw, but a poster for the whole school was a big job. She chose bright colours — green, yellow, and red — and she drew happy children under a big sun. By the end of the day her hands were tired, but her first plan looked great.
On Tuesday, two friends, Tom and Zeynep, travelled to Ankara. They met the other class at ten o'clock and showed them the first dance. The class liked it, but they asked for a few changes. Tom called the school and told Mia about the new ideas.
The new ideas were good ones. The Ankara class wanted a faster song and one more dancer. Mia wrote everything down in her notebook, and she smiled, because the show was getting better and better.
On Wednesday and Thursday, the whole class worked together. Mia made the new poster, Mark wrote the invitations, and Zeynep checked the words. They didn't finish early — on Thursday they stayed until eight o'clock. Everybody was tired, but nobody complained because the show was exciting.
The classroom was full of paper, pens, and paint. Some students practised the dance again and again. Others made tickets for the guests. It was hard work, but everyone helped a friend when they needed it. Miss Deniz brought tea and cake, and she said, "Well done, everyone."
On Friday, the class from Ankara came to Istanbul. Before they arrived, the children cleaned the classroom and bought some juice and biscuits. When the guests saw the final show, they smiled. 'This is perfect,' they said. 'Thank you very much.'
After the show, the whole class went to a small park near the school. They ate ice cream, talked about the week, and laughed a lot. It was a hard week, but it was also a good one. Mia learned a lot, and she knew that her class was the best place for her.
That night, Mia was very tired, but she was happy too. She thought about her friends, her kind teacher, and the guests from Ankara. "A show is never the work of one person," she wrote in her notebook. "It is the work of a whole team." Tomorrow was a holiday, and she could sleep late for once. Then she closed her eyes and smiled.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct past verb from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru geçmiş fiille tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did Tom and Zeynep travel to Ankara?
2. What did the guests say about the final show?
3. How did Mia feel at the end of the week? Why?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Practise a real conversation about last weekend. (Geçen hafta sonu hakkında gerçek bir konuşma yap.)
Önce dinle-gör: iki arkadaş hafta sonlarını anlatıyor. Read it aloud two times — first as A, then as B. Koyu yazılan Past Simple yapılarına dikkat et; bunları birazdan kendi konuşmanda kullanacaksın.
Şimdi sıra sende. Answer these questions out loud in full Past Simple sentences — sesli olarak, tam cümlelerle. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla A/B rolleriyle canlandır. Amaç: geçmiş zamanı akıcı biçimde konuşabilmek.
Söylediklerini yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down what you said and submit it for feedback — optional.) Konuştuğun cevapları 5-6 cümlelik kısa bir diyalog ya da paragraf hâlinde yaz.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. A2 seviyesinde A1'in bağlaçlarına üç yeni zaman bağlacı ekliyoruz: when, after, before. These are perfect for telling a story about the past.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I cooked and we ate together. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I was tired but happy. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It rained, so we stayed inside. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I was happy because I saw my friends. |
| when | -diğinde | Aynı anki olay | When I arrived, the party started. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After lunch, we went home. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I called her before I left. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I woke up late. I met my friend. We walked in the park. I was tired. I was happy. | I woke up late because I was tired. After breakfast, I met my friend and we walked in the park. I was tired, but I was happy. |
Bir anlatı paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Konu cümlesi: ne zaman, genel his | Last weekend was really nice. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Ne yaptığın, sırayla. Bağlaçlarla ve zaman ifadeleriyle bağla. | On Saturday I visited my family, and after lunch we... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / genel değerlendirme | I didn't do much, but I enjoyed my weekend a lot. |
Write about your last weekend or your last holiday. (Geçen hafta sonunu ya da son tatilini anlat.) Use the Past Simple.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...