Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Hayat sürekli bir karşılaştırmadır: hangi telefon daha ucuz, hangi şehir daha büyük, hangi kahve en iyi? When you compare two things, you use a comparative (karşılaştırma): bigger, faster, more expensive. When you compare three or more things and pick the top one, you use a superlative (üstünlük): the biggest, the fastest, the most expensive. Bu ünitede ikisini de netleştireceğiz.
İki temel kalıbı ezberle: karşılaştırmada genellikle ...er / more ... + than, üstünlükte the ...est / the most ... kullanılır. Then we will add irregular adjectives (good, bad), equality with as ... as, and too / enough. Adım adım gidelim.
Tek heceli (ve bazı iki heceli) kısa sıfatlar sona -er (karşılaştırma) ve -est (üstünlük) alır. This is the easy pattern, ama yazımda dört küçük kural var — sınavda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu kısa sıfat | + er / + est | cheap → cheaper → the cheapest |
| -e ile biten | + r / + st | nice → nicer → the nicest · large → larger |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ier / iest | easy → easier → the easiest · happy → happier |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + er/est | big → bigger → the biggest · hot → hotter |
İki heceli çoğu sıfat ve üç+ heceli sıfatlar -er/-est almaz. Instead, we put more before the adjective for comparatives, and the most for superlatives. Sıfatın kendisi değişmez.
| Sıfat | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| expensive | more expensive | the most expensive |
| modern | more modern | the most modern |
| comfortable | more comfortable | the most comfortable |
| popular | more popular | the most popular |
Bazı çok kullanılan sıfatlar hiçbir kurala uymaz; comparative ve superlative hâlleri tamamen farklı kelimelerdir ve ezberlenir. İyi haber: bunlar bir avuç kadardır ama günlük dilde çok geçer.
| Sıfat | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good (iyi) | better | the best |
| bad (kötü) | worse | the worst |
| far (uzak) | farther / further | the farthest / furthest |
| many / much (çok) | more | the most |
İki şey eşit olduğunda karşılaştırma değil, as ... as kalıbını kullanırız: as + sıfat + as. This means the two things are the same. Olumsuzda (not as ... as) biri diğerinden azdır.
| Kalıp | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| as + adj + as | ... kadar (eşit) | Ali is as tall as his brother. |
| not as + adj + as | ... kadar değil (daha az) | A bike is not as fast as a car. |
Bazen bir şeyin fazla ya da yeterli olduğunu söyleriz. too + adjective = gereğinden fazla (olumsuz his). adjective + enough = yeterince. Kelime sırasına dikkat: too sıfattan ÖNCE, enough sıfattan SONRA gelir.
| Kalıp | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| too + adjective | çok / fazla (olumsuz) | This coffee is too hot to drink. |
| adjective + enough | yeterince | He is tall enough to reach it. |
| not + adjective + enough | yeterince değil | This box isn't big enough. |
Türkçe konuşanların bu konuda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| She is more taller than me. | She is taller than me. | Çift karşılaştırma olmaz: more + er ✗. |
| This is the most easy test. | This is the easiest test. | Kısa sıfat üstünlüğü: -iest. |
| He is gooder than you. | He is better than you. | good düzensiz: better. |
| It is the baddest place. | It is the worst place. | bad düzensiz: the worst. |
| Ali is as taller as Can. | Ali is as tall as Can. | as ... as arasında yalın sıfat. |
| The soup is hot too. | The soup is too hot. | too, sıfattan önce gelir. |
| He isn't enough old to drive. | He isn't old enough to drive. | enough, sıfattan sonra gelir. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends compare two bikes in a shop. Koyu yazılan comparative ve superlative yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to compare things in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde bir şeyleri karşılaştır.)
Write 8 sentences about a great day out, comparing things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Harika bir günü karşılaştırmalarla anlatan 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): the best · the biggest · the fastest · the scariest · more exciting · more delicious · more expensive · higher · louder · happier
Last Saturday was the best day of my whole life. It was my birthday, and my parents took me and my two best friends, Mert and Lara, to the biggest theme park in the city. I was so excited that I couldn't sleep the night before!
We arrived early in the morning, because the park is much less crowded then. My dad said, "The earlier we come, the shorter the queues." He was right. In the morning, the lines were shorter and it was faster to get on the rides. Later in the day, the park became more and more crowded, and it was noisier too.
The first ride was a big wheel. From the top, the city looked smaller than a toy, and the cars looked like tiny ants. It was not a fast ride, but it was one of the most beautiful. Lara said it was the calmest ride of the day, and she was right.
Then we ran to the roller coasters. The park has three of them. The first one, the Blue Snake, is the oldest and the slowest. The second one, the Dragon, is faster and higher. But the third one, the Sky Rocket, is the biggest, the fastest, and the scariest of all! It is taller than a ten-floor building.
Mert was braver than me, so he wanted to try the Sky Rocket first. I was more nervous, but my friends helped me. "Come on, it's more exciting than scary," Lara said. So I closed my eyes and got on. The ride was faster than anything I knew, and my heart was beating so fast! When it finished, I felt happier and braver than before. It was the most exciting minute of my life.
After the rides, we were hungry, so we found the food area. The pizza smelled amazing, but the ice cream was even more delicious. I had the biggest ice cream in the shop — three colours in one cup! It was more expensive than a normal one, but it was my birthday, so my dad smiled and paid for it.
In the afternoon, we played games. Mert won a small toy, but I won the biggest teddy bear in the whole park! It was almost taller than me and much heavier than my school bag. Carrying it around was hard, but I was too proud to leave it behind.
By five o'clock, we were more tired than we thought. My legs hurt, and Lara said her feet were the sorest in the group. But nobody wanted to go home. We watched a colourful show with music and lights. It was louder than the rides, and it was the best show I have ever seen.
On the way home, we were quieter than in the morning, because we were so tired. But we were also the happiest kids in the world. I hugged my big teddy bear and thought about the fast rides, the delicious ice cream, and my kind friends.
That night, before I fell asleep, I wrote one sentence in my new diary: "This was the best day ever, and next year I want it to be even better." Then I smiled and closed my eyes.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did the family arrive at the park early in the morning?
2. Compare the three roller coasters. Which one is the scariest, and why?
3. How did the writer feel at the end of the day? Explain.
Metinde comparative (daha ...) ve superlative (en ...) yapılarını bul. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker compares the animals at the zoo. (Bir konuşmacı hayvanat bahçesindeki hayvanları karşılaştırıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about zoo animals. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bir karşılaştırma yazısı sadece "A daha büyük, B daha küçük" cümlelerinin sıralanması değildir. What turns a list into a real comparison is connectors (bağlaçlar): benzerlikleri ve zıtlıkları gösterirler. Aşağıdaki bağlaçlar karşılaştırma yazısının bel kemiğidir:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Benzerlik / ekleme | It is cheaper and quieter. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | It is small, but it is modern. |
| however | ancak | Güçlü zıtlık (cümle başı) | The city is busy. However, it is exciting. |
| while | -iken | İki tarafı karşılaştırır | While A is cheaper, B is faster. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It is more comfortable, so I prefer it. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I chose B because it is faster. |
Bir karşılaştırma paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | İki şeyi tanıt: neyi karşılaştırıyorsun? | I want to compare Istanbul and my small hometown. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Farkları comparative/superlative ile ver; bağlaçlarla bağla. | Istanbul is bigger and more crowded, but my town is quieter... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Tercihini / en iyisini söyle (superlative) | For me, my hometown is the best place to live. |
Write about the best day of your life (real or imagined). (Hayatının en güzel gününü anlat — gerçek ya da hayalî.) Compare the things you did with comparatives and superlatives.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...