Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Ünite 8'de Present Perfect ile hayat deneyimlerini konuştun (Have you ever...?, I have never...). Now we use the same tense for a different idea: duration (süre). Bir durum geçmişte başladı ve hâlâ devam ediyor — işte bunu Present Perfect ile, çoğu zaman for ve since kelimeleriyle anlatırız.
Dikkat: Türkçede bu cümleleri geniş zamanla ("yaşıyorum", "çalışıyor") çeviririz, ama İngilizcede Present Perfect gerekir. Bu bölümde önce yapıyı hatırlayacağız, sonra for ile since arasındaki farkı ve Present Perfect ile Past Simple arasındaki kritik farkı netleştireceğiz.
Present Perfect'in yapısı Ünite 8'deki gibidir, so this is just a quick bridge. have / has + fiilin 3. hâli (past participle, V3).
| Özne | Yardımcı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have (+V3) | I have worked here for a year. | Bir yıldır burada çalışıyorum. |
| he / she / it | has (+V3) | She has been here since May. | Mayıs'tan beri burada. |
Bir süre anlatırken hangisini seçeceğini tek soru belirler: elimdeki bilgi bir uzunluk mu, yoksa bir başlangıç noktası mı? for uzunluk ister, since başlangıç ister.
| Kelime | Ne ile kullanılır? | Anlamı | Örnekler |
|---|---|---|---|
| for | bir süre / uzunluk (a period) | ... boyunca / ...dır | for two years · for a week · for ten minutes · for a long time |
| since | bir başlangıç noktası (a point in time) | ... -den beri | since 2019 · since Monday · since May · since I was a child |
Aynı gerçeği iki şekilde söyleyebilirsin:
Süreyi sormak için How long ile başlarız, sonra Present Perfect gelir. Cevapta for veya since kullanırsın.
| Soru | Cevap (for) | Cevap (since) |
|---|---|---|
| How long have you lived here? | For five years. | Since 2020. |
| How long has she worked there? | For six years. | Since she graduated. |
Bu, ünitenin en kritik konusu. İki zaman da geçmişten bahseder ama çok farklı şeyler söyler. Fark tek kelimede: durum hâlâ sürüyor mu, yoksa bitti mi?
| Present Perfect (sürüyor) | Past Simple (bitti) | |
|---|---|---|
| Durum | Geçmişte başladı, hâlâ devam ediyor | Geçmişte oldu ve bitti |
| Zaman kelimesi | Belirli geçmiş zaman YOK (for/since var) | Belirli geçmiş zaman VAR (yesterday, in 2019, ago, last...) |
| Örnek | I have lived in Izmir for ten years. (hâlâ orada) | I lived in Izmir for ten years. (artık orada değil) |
| Örnek | She has worked here since 2019. | She worked here in 2019. (o zaman) |
Türkçe konuşanların bu konuda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I live here since 2019. | I have lived here since 2019. | Süre için Present Perfect gerekir. |
| She has worked here since two years. | She has worked here for two years. | rakam + süre → for (since değil). |
| We have known him for 2015. | We have known him since 2015. | tarih → since (for değil). |
| I have seen her last week. | I saw her last week. | "last week" belirli geçmiş → Past Simple. |
| How long do you live here? | How long have you lived here? | How long süre sorar → Present Perfect. |
| He has here since Monday. | He has been here since Monday. | V3 unutulmuş: be → been. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two colleagues meet on the first day. Koyu yazılan yapıları (Present Perfect, for/since, Past Simple) inceleyerek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to talk about how long you have done things. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra bir şeyi ne kadar süredir yaptığını anlatmak için kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about how long you have done things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Bir şeyleri ne kadar süredir yaptığın hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): for · since · career · colleague · department · graduate · join · skill · experience · promotion · recently · project
Selin has worked at Baytek for six years. She joined the company in 2019, just after she graduated from university. In her first year, she worked in the design department, but she didn't stay there for long, because her managers quickly saw her skills.
Selin still remembers her early days at the company very well. At first, everything was new and a little scary. She did not know the other people, and the building was very big. But her colleagues were kind, and they helped her a lot. She learned quickly, because she asked many questions every day. After a few months, she felt at home. 'I was lucky,' she says. 'My first team was very friendly, and they taught me many things.' Before Baytek, Selin studied design at university for four years. She always wanted a good career, so she worked hard as a student too. Her teachers liked her, and her marks were good.
Since 2021, Selin has been a team leader. She has led many big projects, and she has learned a lot of new skills. Last spring, she finished a very difficult project for a client in Ankara, and everyone was very happy with her work.
Today, Selin works in a busy team, and there is always a new project. She starts work at nine o'clock, and she often stays late. In the morning, she reads her emails and talks to her colleagues. In the afternoon, she works on her projects and helps the younger workers. She has learned many skills over the years, so her job feels easier now. 'I have grown a lot here,' she says. 'When I started, I only knew about design. Now I understand the whole business.' So far, she has worked on more than thirty projects, and she is proud of all of them.
Selin lives near the office, so she walks to work every morning. She likes this short walk, because it helps her wake up. The Baytek building is big and modern, and it has a nice cafe on the ground floor. Selin often has lunch there with her colleagues. They talk about work, but they also talk about films, food, and their families. These small moments are important for the team. 'We are not only colleagues,' Selin says. 'We have become real friends over the years.' On Fridays, the team sometimes goes out for dinner after work, and everyone has fun together.
'I have known my colleagues for a long time,' Selin says. 'We have worked together since the beginning, so we are like a family. We had some hard weeks in the past, but we always helped each other, and now we trust each other completely.'
The team has changed a little over the years. Some colleagues have left, and new people have joined. But the group is still strong, and they enjoy their work together. Sometimes the job is hard. A few years ago, they had a very big project with a short deadline, and everyone was tired. They worked late for many days, but they did not give up. In the end, the client was very happy, and the whole team was proud. 'We are a good team, because we trust each other,' Selin says. 'When one person has a problem, we all help. This is why I like my job so much.'
Selin also talks to many clients. Some clients come from other cities, and some come from other countries. At first, this was difficult for her, because she was shy on the phone. But she has practised a lot, and now she is not afraid any more. 'Good communication is a very important skill,' she says. 'A leader must explain things in a clear and simple way.' She has learned to listen to the client first, and then to answer. This skill has helped her team win many new projects over the years.
Selin has changed a lot since her first day. Six years ago, she was a shy young graduate with little experience. Now she is a confident leader, and she has not thought about leaving the company. Her younger colleagues have often asked her for advice, because she has learned so much about the business over the years.
She never says no when a young worker comes to her desk with a question. She always remembers her own first year, so she wants to help other people too. 'A new worker needs help,' she says. 'Someone helped me when I was young, so now I help others.' Selin has also learned that a good leader must listen. Experience is not only about years; it is about learning from mistakes too. Selin has made some mistakes, but she has learned from every one of them. This is why she is calm when a problem comes.
Selin still remembers one special day. Three years ago, the company had a big meeting for all the workers. The manager stood up and thanked Selin in front of everyone, because her team finished a hard project early. Selin felt very proud that day. 'I was so happy,' she says. 'I did not expect it.' That meeting gave her more confidence. Before that day, she was sometimes shy in big rooms, but now she speaks easily in front of many people. She has changed a lot, and she is thankful for every step in her career.
Recently, Baytek gave Selin a promotion. 'I have wanted this for years,' she says with a big smile. 'This company has been my home since 2019. When I started, I only hoped to stay for a year or two, but I have found a real career here.'
Selin does not know exactly what the future will bring, but she has many plans. She wants to lead bigger projects, and she hopes to help her department grow. She also wants to teach new skills to young workers. 'I have been here for six years, and I am still learning,' she says. 'That is why I love this job. Every year is different.' In her free time, Selin reads books about business, and she takes short online courses. She believes that a good career never stops growing.
Selin has some simple advice for young people who want a good career. 'Do not be afraid of hard work,' she says. 'When I started, I did not know many things, but I asked questions every day. Little by little, I learned. Nobody is perfect at the beginning.' She also tells them to be patient. 'A good career takes time,' she says. 'Every project teaches me something new.' Selin smiles when she gives this advice, because she remembers her own first, difficult year very well. For now, she is happy at Baytek, and she does not want to change anything.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with has, been, for or since from the text. (Cümleleri metinden has / been / for / since ile tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. How long has Selin worked at Baytek, and when did she join?
2. Why does Selin say her team is 'like a family'?
3. How has Selin changed since her first day?
Metinde and, but, so, because ve when bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about road trips in the US. (Bir konuşmacı ABD'de araba yolculuklarını anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about road trips. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bu ünitede uzun süredir devam eden bir şeyi (bir hobi ya da bir iş) anlatacaksın. İki dil aracı işini görecek: for / since (süre) ve Present Perfect vs Past Simple farkı. Süren şey için Present Perfect, bitmiş bir olay için Past Simple kullan.
| Ne anlatıyorsun? | Hangi zaman? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Hâlâ süren durum (kaç yıldır) | Present Perfect + for/since | I have played the guitar for five years. |
| Ne zaman / nasıl başladı (bitmiş) | Past Simple + belirli zaman | I started when I was twelve. |
| Şimdiye kadar neler yaptın | Present Perfect | I have learned many songs. |
Bir "ne kadar süredir" paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Ne olduğu + ne kadar süredir (for/since) | I have played the guitar for five years. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Nasıl/ne zaman başladın (Past Simple) + şimdiye kadar neler yaptın (Present Perfect) | I started when I was twelve, and I have learned a lot since then. |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Bugün nasıl hissettiğin / genel değerlendirme | I haven't stopped, because it makes me happy. |
Write about a hobby or a job you have done for a long time. (Uzun zamandır yaptığın bir hobiyi ya da işi anlat.) Use the Present Perfect with for / since.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...