Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bir isimden "ne kadar" ya da "kaç tane" olduğunu söylemek istediğinde quantifier (miktar belirteci) kullanırsın. Quantifiers are small words like much, many, a lot of, a few, a little that tell us the amount of something. Türkçede "çok, biraz, birkaç, az" dediğin yerde İngilizcede hangi kelimeyi seçeceğin, ismin türüne bağlıdır.
Bu bölümde önce ismin türünü (countable / uncountable) ayırt etmeyi öğreneceğiz, çünkü bütün quantifier seçimleri buna dayanır. Then we will study much / many, a lot of, and the tricky pairs a few / few and a little / little. Adım adım gidelim.
Quantifier seçmeden önce sorman gereken tek soru şudur: bu ismi sayabiliyor muyum? Some nouns you can count (one apple, two apples), others you cannot (water — not "two waters"). Bu ayrım, doğru kelimeyi seçmenin anahtarıdır.
| Tür | Ne demek? | Örnekler |
|---|---|---|
| Countable (sayılabilir) | Tek tek sayılır; çoğulu vardır (-s). | chair / chairs · apple / apples · person / people · box / boxes |
| Uncountable (sayılamaz) | Sayılmaz; çoğulu yoktur; hep tekil fiil alır. | water · money · time · information · sugar · work |
Her ikisi de "çok" demektir, ama much sayılamaz, many sayılabilir isimlerle gider. We usually use them in questions and negative sentences. Olumlu cümlede daha çok "a lot of" tercih edilir (aşağıda).
| Belirteç | İsim türü | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| much | sayılamaz | How much water do you need? | Ne kadar suya ihtiyacın var? |
| much | sayılamaz (olumsuz) | I don't have much time. | Çok vaktim yok. |
| many | sayılabilir | How many people came? | Kaç kişi geldi? |
| many | sayılabilir (olumsuz) | There aren't many chairs. | Fazla sandalye yok. |
a lot of hem sayılabilir hem sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır ve genellikle olumlu cümlelerde gelir. It is the easy, safe choice for "çok" in a positive sentence. "lots of" ise aynı anlamda, biraz daha günlük konuşma dilidir.
Burada dikkat! Dört kelime birbirine çok benzer ama iki farkı vardır. Birincisi: a few / few sayılabilir, a little / little sayılamaz isimlerle gider. İkincisi — ve daha önemlisi — "a" olup olmaması anlamı değiştirir:
| Belirteç | İsim türü | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| a few | sayılabilir | birkaç (yeterli, olumlu) | I have a few friends here, so I'm happy. |
| few | sayılabilir | çok az / neredeyse hiç (olumsuz) | Few people came, so the room was empty. |
| a little | sayılamaz | biraz (yeterli, olumlu) | We have a little time, let's have a coffee. |
| little | sayılamaz | çok az / yetersiz (olumsuz) | I have little money, so I can't come. |
Kafan karışırsa bu haritaya bak. Önce ismin türünü seç, sonra miktarı:
| Anlam | Sayılabilir (chairs, people) | Sayılamaz (water, time) |
|---|---|---|
| "çok" (soru/olumsuz) | many | much |
| "çok" (olumlu) | a lot of / lots of | a lot of / lots of |
| "birkaç / biraz" (yeterli) | a few | a little |
| "çok az" (yetersiz) | few | little |
Türkçe konuşanların quantifier'larda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| How many water do you drink? | How much water do you drink? | water sayılamaz → much. |
| There isn't many time. | There isn't much time. | time sayılamaz → much. |
| I have much friends. | I have a lot of friends. | Olumlu cümlede "a lot of". |
| There is a few milk. | There is a little milk. | milk sayılamaz → a little. |
| We have a little chairs. | We have a few chairs. | chairs sayılabilir → a few. |
| She has few friends, she is never alone. | She has a few friends, she is never alone. | Olumlu his = a few (yeterli). |
| An information, please. | Some information, please. | information sayılamaz; "an" almaz. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two colleagues check the office kitchen before a meeting. Koyu yazılan quantifier'lara dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to talk about amounts. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra miktarları anlatmak için kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about what you have at home or at work. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Evinde ya da işinde neyin olduğu hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Grammar ve Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): a lot of · much · many · a few · few · a little · little · enough
Baytek is a small factory in the city. It is not very big, and it does not have many workers. The team makes small electronic boxes for other companies. Most days, the work is calm. The team has enough time, and there are not many problems. People come at eight o'clock, they do their jobs, and they go home at five. On a normal week, there is not much stress. But sometimes a big order comes, and then there is a lot of work for everybody. This is the story of one big week.
The big order came from a large company far away. They wanted many electronic boxes, and they wanted good quality. "This is a very important customer," Mr. Demir told the team. "If we do a good job, they will send us a lot of orders next year. If we do a bad job, they will not come back." So there was a little worry in the room, but there was also a lot of hope. Everybody wanted to do their best.
Last month, Baytek got a very big order, so the team needed to plan carefully. There was a lot of work to do, but there was little time — only two weeks. On Monday, the manager, Mr. Demir, called a short meeting. "We have many things to organise," he said, "but we don't have much money for extra help, so we must be smart."
The team sat around a small table. Mr. Demir had a lot of questions. "How much time do we have? How many boxes must we make? Do we have enough people?" Selin stood up and wrote every job on a big white board. There were many jobs on the list, but the team was small. "We can't do all of this alone," she said. "We need a good plan, and we need to help each other." Everybody agreed. They did not have much money, so they could not buy a lot of new things. They had to use what they already had in the factory.
First, they checked the materials. There were a lot of screws and cables in the store, but there were only a few metal boxes — not enough for the whole order. Selin made a list and ordered some more. She also saw that there was very little glue left, so she bought a few new bottles.
Selin went to the store many times that week. She counted the screws again, and there were plenty of them. She counted the long black cables, and there were a lot of those too. But there were still only a few metal boxes, and this was a big problem. You cannot make a good product with too little material. So Selin called the supplier on the phone. "We need more metal boxes, please," she said. "How many do you need?" the man asked. "A lot," Selin said. "We have a very big order this month." The supplier had enough boxes in his own store, and he sent them in only two days. Now the team had enough metal for the whole order, and Selin felt much better.
Next, they thought about people. The team had many good engineers, but few of them knew the new machine. Mr. Demir asked two of them to teach the others. It took a little time, but after a few days, most of the team could use it.
The new machine was fast and clever, but it was also a little difficult. On the first day, few people could start it. Some workers were a bit worried. "I don't understand many of these buttons," one man said. "There are too many of them." But the two engineers were kind and patient. They showed the team, step by step, and they did not go too fast. "Push this button a little, then wait," they said. "Don't push too much, and don't touch the red one." Every day, a few more people learned something new. After a little practice, most of the team felt happy with the machine. There were still a few small mistakes, but not many. A little help and a lot of practice made the work much easier.
The week was not always easy. On Wednesday, there was a hard day. The machine stopped for a few hours, and the team lost a little time. A few people were tired, and some of them wanted to give up. But Mr. Demir did not worry too much. "We still have enough time," he said. "We have a lot of good workers and a few good friends. Let's have lunch, drink some tea, and then start again." So they took a short break. They ate together, they talked a little, and soon they felt strong again. After lunch, the machine started again, and the work went well.
By Friday, they had enough materials and enough people. There was still a lot of work, but everybody felt calmer. "We didn't have much time," Selin said, "but we planned well, so we finished a lot of the job." Mr. Demir smiled. "A little planning saves many problems," he said. It was a hard week, but a good one.
On Friday evening, the team looked at all the finished boxes. There were a lot of them on the table, clean and ready for the customer. "We did it," Selin said quietly. She was very tired, but she was also very happy. Mr. Demir brought some tea and a few small cakes for everybody. "Thank you, all of you," he said. "We didn't have much time, and we didn't have much money. But we had enough good ideas, and we had a lot of team spirit. That is why we finished."
Next week, there will be more orders, and maybe there will be a lot of work again. But now the team knows the secret. You do not always need much money or many machines. With a little planning, a few good friends at work, and enough time to think, even a very big job is not so hard. "Next time," Selin said with a smile, "we will be ready." And everybody agreed with her.
On Monday morning, the truck came to take the boxes to the customer. The driver put many boxes in the truck, one by one. Mr. Demir counted them all. "Good, they are all here," he said. A few days later, the customer sent an email. "Thank you for the boxes. The quality is very good, and you finished on time." The team was very happy. There was a lot of good news that day. "You see?" Mr. Demir said. "A small team can do a big job. We don't need many people — we need good people, a little courage, and enough team spirit." And that is how Baytek finished its biggest order of the year.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct quantifier from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru miktar belirtecıyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did the team need to plan carefully?
2. What was the problem with the new machine at first?
3. How did the team feel by Friday? Why?
Metinde and, but, so bağlaçlarını bul — her biri birden çok kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A man talks about his clothes and his style. (Bir adam kıyafetleri ve tarzı hakkında konuşuyor.)
You will hear a short talk about clothes and fashion. You will listen twice. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kıyafetler hakkında kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bir yeri ya da bir durumu anlatırken sürekli "ne kadar" ve "kaç tane" bilgisi verirsin. Quantifiers make your writing clear and exact — okuyucu tam olarak ne kadarından bahsettiğini anlar. Aşağıdaki bağlaçlarla birleştirdiğinde yazın hem doğru hem akıcı olur.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I have a few plants and a lot of books. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I have many cups, but little coffee. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I have little time, so I need help. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I need a few chairs because we have guests. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I have books. I have plants. I don't have time. I need help. | I have a lot of books and a few plants, but I have little time, so I need some help. |
Bir betimleme paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Neyi anlatacağın: oda / çanta / mutfak | Let me tell you about my kitchen. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Neyin çok/az olduğu; ne gerektiği. Quantifier + bağlaç. | I have a lot of plates, but only a little coffee, so... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Genel bir yorum: yeterli mi, ne lazım? | I have enough for now, but I need a few new cups. |
Describe a place you know well (your kitchen, your room, your desk, or your office). Say what you have a lot of, what you have only a little/few of, and what you need. (İyi bildiğin bir yeri anlat: neyin çok, neyin az, neyin gerektiğini söyle.)
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...