Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bir sıfat bir ismi anlatır: "a quick runner" (hızlı bir koşucu). Ama bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını anlatmak istersen bir biçim zarfına (adverb of manner) ihtiyacın var: "He runs quickly." (Hızlıca koşar.) İşte bu koyu kelimeye adverb (zarf) denir — bir fiili anlatır ve "How?" (Nasıl?) sorusuna cevap verir.
Bu bölümde şunları öğreneceğiz: -ly ile zarf yapmak, düzensiz zarflar (well, fast, hard...), zarfın cümledeki yeri, ve zarfları karşılaştırmak (more...ly, -er, the ...est). Adım adım gidelim.
Çoğu biçim zarfı, bir sıfata -ly eki eklenerek yapılır: slow → slowly. But watch the spelling — yazımda küçük değişiklikler olur. Aşağıdaki tablo kuralları özetliyor:
| Kural | Sıfat | Zarf | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| normal + ly | quick | quickly | She works quickly. |
| -y → -ily | happy | happily | They played happily. |
| -le → -ly | terrible | terribly | He sang terribly. |
| -ic → -ically | automatic | automatically | It opens automatically. |
Bu, Türkçe konuşanların en sık karıştırdığı konu. A sıfat bir ismi anlatır; bir zarf bir fiili anlatır. Kısacası: ismin yanında sıfat, fiilin yanında zarf kullan.
| Sıfat (ismi anlatır) | Zarf (fiili anlatır) |
|---|---|
| She is a careful driver. | She drives carefully. |
| He is a good singer. | He sings well. |
| They are quick workers. | They work quickly. |
Bazı zarflar -ly almaz. Some are the same as the adjective (fast, hard, late, early, high), and one is completely different: good'un zarfı well'dir.
| Sıfat | Zarf | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| good | well | She plays the piano well. |
| fast | fast | He drives very fast. |
| hard | hard | They work hard. |
| early / late | early / late | I got up early. |
Biçim zarfı genellikle fiilden sonra, ya da bir nesne varsa nesneden sonra gelir. The adverb usually does not go between the verb and the object — bu çok yaygın bir hatadır.
| Doğru ✓ | Yanlış ✗ |
|---|---|
| She speaks English fluently. | She speaks fluently English. |
| He opened the door quietly. | He opened quietly the door. |
| They finished the work quickly. | They finished quickly the work. |
Tıpkı sıfatlar gibi zarfları da karşılaştırabiliriz. The rule depends on the adverb: kısa/düzensiz zarflara -er / -est, -ly zarflarına ise more / the most eklenir.
| Tür | Karşılaştırma (-er / more) | Enüstünlük (the -est / the most) |
|---|---|---|
| kısa/düzensiz: fast, hard, early | fast → faster | the fastest |
| -ly zarflar: slowly, carefully | slowly → more slowly | the most slowly |
| düzensiz: well / badly | well → better · badly → worse | the best · the worst |
Türkçe konuşanların zarflarda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| He sings very good. | He sings very well. | Fiilden sonra zarf: good → well. |
| She runs fastly. | She runs fast. | "fastly" yoktur; fast düzensizdir. |
| Please drive careful. | Please drive carefully. | Fiili anlatır → -ly zarfı gerekir. |
| He speaks slowlier than me. | He speaks more slowly than me. | -ly zarfı more ile karşılaştırılır. |
| My English is more good now. | My English is better now. | good/well düzensiz: better (more good değil). |
| She opened quietly the window. | She opened the window quietly. | Zarf, fiil ile nesnenin arasına girmez. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about a basketball game and how the players play. Koyu yazılan zarflara ve karşılaştırmalara dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then describe people and places in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kişileri ve yerleri kendi cümlelerinde tanımla.)
Write 8 sentences that say how people do things, and compare them. Use at least 8 of the words above. (İnsanların bir şeyi nasıl yaptığını anlatan ve onları karşılaştıran 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): quickly · carefully · well · badly · hard · faster · better · seriously · practise · improve
Kerem loves basketball more than any other sport. Two years ago, however, he played very badly. He could not throw the ball well, and he ran quite slowly. After every match his coach said the same thing: "If you practise hard, you will play better."
Kerem is fourteen years old. He lives in a small town near the sea. There is a sports club close to his home. The club has a big hall with a wooden floor and two baskets. Kerem goes there after school every day. Two years ago, he was new in the team. He was shy, and he was not very strong. The other boys played quickly, but Kerem played slowly. Sometimes the ball fell from his hands. A few players laughed at him quietly. Kerem felt sad, but he did not want to stop. He loved the game too much, so he decided to try again and again.
So Kerem started to work harder than before. Every morning he ran quickly around the park, and every evening he threw the ball at the basket carefully, again and again. He listened to his coach patiently and never gave up. Slowly but surely, he improved.
His plan was simple but clear. First, he woke up early, at six o'clock. He put on his shoes and ran to the park. He ran slowly at first, and then faster and faster. After the run, he did some easy exercises. Then he went to school. In the afternoon, he came to the club and practised for one hour. He threw the ball from near the basket, and later from far away. When the ball missed, he tried again calmly. He wrote his results in a small notebook every day. Little by little, his numbers got better.
Good players also take care of their bodies. Kerem eats fruit and vegetables every day. He drinks water, not sugary drinks. He sleeps for eight hours every night, so he feels fresh in the morning. Before every practice, he stretches his arms and legs slowly. This helps him move easily and safely. After practice, he rests well. He knows that a tired body cannot play well. "Rest is part of training," his coach always says. Kerem believes this, and he follows the advice carefully.
Today Kerem plays much better than last year. He runs faster than most of his friends, and he shoots more accurately than anyone else on the team. He also listens carefully when the coach explains a new plan clearly.
Last Saturday, the team played an important match. Many people came to watch. At first, the other team played very well and scored quickly. Kerem stayed calm. He passed the ball nicely to his friends, and he moved smartly on the floor. In the second half, he threw the ball high, and it went into the basket. The people clapped loudly. Kerem smiled, but he did not stop. He kept running hard until the end. His team won the match by four points. After the game, his coach shook his hand and said, "You played really well today."
His best friend, Deniz, plays well too. She jumps higher and moves more quickly than Kerem. "You move gracefully, like a dancer," Kerem tells her, and Deniz laughs happily. Of all the players, she practises the most seriously, so she rarely makes a mistake.
Deniz and Kerem often practise together. They help each other kindly. Deniz shows Kerem how to jump higher, and Kerem shows Deniz how to pass the ball faster. They do not fight; they work as a team. Deniz is very careful with her training. She sleeps early, eats good food, and drinks a lot of water. She never comes late to practice. Because she prepares well, she plays safely and calmly in every match. "Hard work is more important than luck," she often says. Kerem agrees with her, and he tries to work as seriously as his friend.
Their coach is very proud of them. "You two work the hardest, and you learn fast," she says warmly. "Remember: the players who try hardest always improve the most." Kerem and Deniz smile at each other. They know that if they keep practising patiently, they will play even better next season.
Their coach's name is Mrs. Aylin. She was a famous player many years ago. Now she teaches young people how to play. She is kind, but she is also strict. She wants everybody to try hard. "Do not be angry when you lose," she says. "Learn from your mistakes and practise more." Mrs. Aylin watches every player carefully. She tells them what they do well, and she tells them what they must fix. The players listen to her quietly and respect her a lot. With her help, the whole team plays better every month.
The sports club is like a big family. On the wall, there are old photos of famous games. There is a small shop that sells water, fruit, and healthy snacks. After practice, the players sit together and talk happily. They share their food and tell funny stories. New children come every week. The older players, like Kerem and Deniz, help them kindly. They show them how to hold the ball and how to stand correctly. Nobody laughs at the new children now. Everyone remembers that they were new once, too.
Next season, the team wants to win the city cup. It will not be easy. The other teams are strong and fast. But Kerem and his friends are not afraid. They train five days a week now. They run longer, jump higher, and shoot more often than before. Kerem practises his weak hand too, so he can throw the ball from both sides. Deniz teaches the young players new tricks. Everyone works together toward the same dream. "If we practise as a team," the coach says, "we can do great things." The players nod and smile, ready for the hard weeks ahead.
The story of Kerem is a good lesson for everybody. Talent is nice, but practice is stronger. A player who trains carefully and patiently can become better than a lazy player with more talent. Kerem knows this now. He does not compare himself to other people too much. Instead, he tries to be better than yesterday. Every week he runs a little faster and shoots a little more accurately. His dream is to play for a big team one day. "If you practise every day," he tells the young children at the club, "you will improve, just like me. Never give up, and always work hard."
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct adverb from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru zarfla tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. How did Kerem play two years ago, and how does he play now?
2. How does Deniz move, and how often does she make mistakes?
3. What does the coach say about the players who try hardest?
Metinde biçim zarflarını (-ly ekli ve düzensiz) ve zarf karşılaştırmalarını bul — her tür en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Play a "How do you do it?" game, then do the extra practice quiz. (Bir "Nasıl yapıyorsun?" oyunu oyna, sonra ekstra alıştırma testini yap.)
Bir eylem söyle; partnerin onu nasıl yaptığını bir zarfla anlatsın — sonra iki kişiyi karşılaştırın. Say an action, and your partner answers with an adverb of manner, then makes a comparison. Önce örnek diyaloğa bak:
Şimdi sıra sende. Say each of these out loud with an adverb of manner — sesli olarak, sonra bir karşılaştırma ekle. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla oyna. Amaç: bir eylemi nasıl yaptığını rahatça anlatabilmek.
Söylediklerini yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down what you said and submit it for feedback — optional.) 4-6 cümle, her birinde bir biçim zarfı ya da karşılaştırma kullan.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
10 questions on adverbs — manner and comparison mixed. (10 soru: karışık biçim ve karşılaştırma zarfları.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Kısa, kopuk cümleler bir yazıyı zayıf gösterir. What makes writing sound natural and mature is adverbs: bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını anlatır ve kişileri karşılaştırırlar. Bir de bağlaçları (and, but, so, because, when...) eklersen, yazın gerçek bir metne dönüşür.
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Zarf + bağlaç ile ✓ |
|---|---|
| My sister sings. She is good. My brother sings too. He is not so good. | My sister sings beautifully, and she performs much better than my brother, because she practises the most seriously in our family. |
A2 boyunca öğrendiğin bağlaçlar. This is your toolbox — bunları zarflarla birlikte kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| and | ve | a friend who is kind and funny |
| but | ama | a place which is small but beautiful |
| so | bu yüzden | He is friendly, so everyone likes him. |
| because | çünkü | I love the café because it is quiet. |
| when | -diğinde | She smiles when she sees me. |
Write about the people in your life and how they do things. (Hayatındaki kişileri ve onların bir şeyleri nasıl yaptığını anlat.) Use adverbs of manner and comparison.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Bu, A2 seviyesinin son ünitesiydi. Geçmiş zamanlardan geleceğe, koşul cümlelerinden ilgi cümleciklerine ve şimdi zarflara (biçim ve karşılaştırma) kadar tüm A2 ünitelerini tamamladın. Artık eylemlerin nasıl yapıldığını anlatabilir ve kişileri akıcı biçimde karşılaştırabilirsin. Sıradaki durak: B1. Emeğin için kendini kutla ve öğrenmeye devam et.
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