Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Hayat sürekli bir karşılaştırmadır: hangi telefon daha ucuz, hangi şehir daha büyük, hangi kahve en iyi? When you compare two things, you use a comparative (karşılaştırma): bigger, faster, more expensive. When you compare three or more things and pick the top one, you use a superlative (üstünlük): the biggest, the fastest, the most expensive. Bu ünitede ikisini de netleştireceğiz.
İki temel kalıbı ezberle: karşılaştırmada genellikle ...er / more ... + than, üstünlükte the ...est / the most ... kullanılır. Then we will add irregular adjectives (good, bad), equality with as ... as, and too / enough. Adım adım gidelim.
Tek heceli (ve bazı iki heceli) kısa sıfatlar sona -er (karşılaştırma) ve -est (üstünlük) alır. This is the easy pattern, ama yazımda dört küçük kural var — sınavda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu kısa sıfat | + er / + est | cheap → cheaper → the cheapest |
| -e ile biten | + r / + st | nice → nicer → the nicest · large → larger |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ier / iest | easy → easier → the easiest · happy → happier |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + er/est | big → bigger → the biggest · hot → hotter |
İki heceli çoğu sıfat ve üç+ heceli sıfatlar -er/-est almaz. Instead, we put more before the adjective for comparatives, and the most for superlatives. Sıfatın kendisi değişmez.
| Sıfat | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| expensive | more expensive | the most expensive |
| modern | more modern | the most modern |
| comfortable | more comfortable | the most comfortable |
| popular | more popular | the most popular |
Bazı çok kullanılan sıfatlar hiçbir kurala uymaz; comparative ve superlative hâlleri tamamen farklı kelimelerdir ve ezberlenir. İyi haber: bunlar bir avuç kadardır ama günlük dilde çok geçer.
| Sıfat | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good (iyi) | better | the best |
| bad (kötü) | worse | the worst |
| far (uzak) | farther / further | the farthest / furthest |
| many / much (çok) | more | the most |
İki şey eşit olduğunda karşılaştırma değil, as ... as kalıbını kullanırız: as + sıfat + as. This means the two things are the same. Olumsuzda (not as ... as) biri diğerinden azdır.
| Kalıp | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| as + adj + as | ... kadar (eşit) | Ali is as tall as his brother. |
| not as + adj + as | ... kadar değil (daha az) | A bike is not as fast as a car. |
Bazen bir şeyin fazla ya da yeterli olduğunu söyleriz. too + adjective = gereğinden fazla (olumsuz his). adjective + enough = yeterince. Kelime sırasına dikkat: too sıfattan ÖNCE, enough sıfattan SONRA gelir.
| Kalıp | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| too + adjective | çok / fazla (olumsuz) | This coffee is too hot to drink. |
| adjective + enough | yeterince | He is tall enough to reach it. |
| not + adjective + enough | yeterince değil | This box isn't big enough. |
Türkçe konuşanların bu konuda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| She is more taller than me. | She is taller than me. | Çift karşılaştırma olmaz: more + er ✗. |
| This is the most easy test. | This is the easiest test. | Kısa sıfat üstünlüğü: -iest. |
| He is gooder than you. | He is better than you. | good düzensiz: better. |
| It is the baddest place. | It is the worst place. | bad düzensiz: the worst. |
| Ali is as taller as Can. | Ali is as tall as Can. | as ... as arasında yalın sıfat. |
| The soup is hot too. | The soup is too hot. | too, sıfattan önce gelir. |
| He isn't enough old to drive. | He isn't old enough to drive. | enough, sıfattan sonra gelir. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends compare two phones in a shop. Koyu yazılan comparative ve superlative yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to compare things in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde bir şeyleri karşılaştır.)
Write 8 sentences that compare things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Bir şeyleri karşılaştıran 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): bigger · brighter · more modern · the best · cheaper · quieter · more crowded · faster · lighter · more expensive
Last month, Baytek moved to a new office, and everybody agrees it is much better than the old one. The old office was small and dark, but the new one is bigger, brighter, and more modern. It also has the best meeting room in the whole building — larger than a classroom, with huge windows and fast internet.
The best meeting room is on the top floor. It is larger than a classroom, and it has huge windows. The team can see the whole city from there. In the old office, the meeting room was small and dark, and only six people could sit in it. Now twenty people can meet in the new room. The internet is fast, so video calls are easy. Selin says, "The old meeting room was too small for our team. This new room is big enough for everyone." The team uses this room every Monday for their weekly meeting.
Selin likes the new office because it is closer to the metro than the old one. "My journey is shorter now," she says. "The old office was cheaper, but this one is more comfortable, so I am happier here." Not everyone agrees. Mr. Demir thinks the old office was quieter. "The new floor is noisier," he says, "because it is more crowded. But the light is better, and that is more important."
The new office has better desks and chairs. In the old office, the chairs were old and hard. Now the chairs are more comfortable, and the desks are bigger. Aylin works next to a window. "My desk is much larger than my old one," she says. "I have more space for my books and my computer." The new chairs are lighter too, so it is easy to move them. Most people say the new furniture is better than the old furniture. Only Mr. Demir says his old chair was good enough, but even he likes the new desk.
The kitchen is one of the best rooms in the new office. It is bigger and cleaner than the old kitchen. There is a new coffee machine, and the coffee is better than before. In the old office, the kitchen was very small, and it was often crowded at lunch time. Now the kitchen is larger, so it is less crowded. Kaan makes coffee every morning. "This coffee is much better than the coffee in the old office," he says with a smile. "And the kitchen is not as small as before."
The new office is in a better place for many people. It is closer to the metro and the bus stop. Selin's journey is shorter now, and Aylin also lives near the new office. But for Kaan, the old office was closer to his home. "My journey is longer now," he says. "The old office was nearer for me." So the new office is not better for everyone. It is closer for some people and farther for others. This is normal when a team moves to a new place.
Light is very important in an office. The old office was dark, and the windows were small. The new office is much brighter because the windows are bigger. In the morning, the sun comes in, and the rooms are warm and bright. Mr. Demir does not like the noise, but he likes the light. "The light here is the best thing," he says. "It is better than the light in the old office." Bright rooms make people happier, and happy workers do better work.
The new floor is more crowded than the old one. More people work on the same floor now, so it is noisier. Some people like this because the office feels busy and alive. Other people, like Mr. Demir, want a quieter place. "I need a quiet room for my calls," he says. The company has a plan for this problem. Next month, they will open a small quiet room. It will be quieter than the main floor, and people can work there when they need silence.
The team also compared their two most popular products. The X100 is cheaper and lighter than the X200, but the X200 is faster and more powerful. For most clients, the X200 is the better choice, although it is the more expensive of the two.
The two products are very different. The X100 is smaller and lighter, so it is easy to carry. It is also cheaper, so many students buy it. The X200 is heavier, but it is faster and more powerful. It has a better screen and a longer battery. The X200 is the more expensive of the two, but it is still very popular. Some clients want a cheap and light machine, so they choose the X100. Other clients want power and speed, so they choose the X200. Both products are good, but they are good for different people.
Last year, the team sold more of the X100 because it was cheaper. This year, the X200 is more popular, and sales are higher. The manager, Mrs. Yıldız, is happy. "The X200 is our best product now," she says. "It is more expensive, but clients think it is worth the money." She also says the new office helps the team. "In a better office, people work better. Our results this year are better than last year." For the team, this is good news, and everybody feels proud.
There are also more places to eat near the new office. In the old area, there was only one café, and it was often full. Now there are three cafés and two small shops. The food is cheaper, and the coffee is better. At lunch, the team can choose a quiet café or a busy one. Selin likes the small café on the corner because it is quieter than the others. Kaan likes the big one because it is faster. Everybody agrees that lunch is easier now than in the old area.
At lunch, the team talked about the move. Some people miss the old office, but most think the new one is the best place to work. It was a big change, however, and the first week was harder than they expected.
Now, after one month, the team is happy in the new office. The first days were harder, but every week is easier than the week before. People know the building better, and they feel at home. The old office was cheaper and quieter, but the new office is bigger, brighter, and more modern. For most of the team, it is the best place to work. A move is never easy, but a good office makes hard work a little easier.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why does Selin like the new office? Give two reasons.
2. Compare the X100 and the X200. Which is better for most clients, and why?
3. Does everyone in the team feel the same about the move? Explain.
Metinde comparative (daha ...) ve superlative (en ...) yapılarını bul. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker compares the animals at the zoo. (Bir konuşmacı hayvanat bahçesindeki hayvanları karşılaştırıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about zoo animals. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bir karşılaştırma yazısı sadece "A daha büyük, B daha küçük" cümlelerinin sıralanması değildir. What turns a list into a real comparison is connectors (bağlaçlar): benzerlikleri ve zıtlıkları gösterirler. Aşağıdaki bağlaçlar karşılaştırma yazısının bel kemiğidir:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Benzerlik / ekleme | It is cheaper and quieter. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | It is small, but it is modern. |
| however | ancak | Güçlü zıtlık (cümle başı) | The city is busy. However, it is exciting. |
| while | -iken | İki tarafı karşılaştırır | While A is cheaper, B is faster. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It is more comfortable, so I prefer it. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I chose B because it is faster. |
Bir karşılaştırma paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | İki şeyi tanıt: neyi karşılaştırıyorsun? | I want to compare Istanbul and my small hometown. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Farkları comparative/superlative ile ver; bağlaçlarla bağla. | Istanbul is bigger and more crowded, but my town is quieter... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Tercihini / en iyisini söyle (superlative) | For me, my hometown is the best place to live. |
Compare two cities (for example your city and another one) OR two products (for example two phones). (İki şehri ya da iki ürünü karşılaştır.) Use comparatives and superlatives.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...