Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şimdiye kadar hep olay anlattın: geçmişte ne oldu, gelecekte ne olacak. Now we add a new layer: rules and advice. Bazen bir şeyi yapmak zorundasındır, bazen bir şey yasaktır, bazen birine öğüt verirsin. İşte bunun için modal (kip) fiilleri kullanırız: must, have to, should.
Bu bölümde dört şeyi net ayıracağız: zorunluluk (must / have to), yasak (mustn't), gereksizlik (don't have to) ve öğüt (should / shouldn't). En çok karıştırılan ikili — mustn't vs don't have to — için ayrı bir kritik tablo var; onu iyi öğren.
Modal fiiller (must, should) normal fiillerden farklıdır. There are three golden rules that are the same for must and should. Bunlar A2'de en çok hata yapılan noktalardır:
| Kural | Açıklama | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Sonra yalın fiil | must / should + to yok, yalın fiil | You must go. ✓ / You must to go. ✗ |
| -s almaz | he/she/it'te bile değişmez | She should rest. ✓ / She shoulds rest. ✗ |
| do / does yok | soru ve olumsuzda yardımcı gerekmez | Should I call? ✓ / Do I should call? ✗ |
must, güçlü bir zorunluluk anlatır: "kesinlikle gerekli". We often use must for rules, laws, and strong personal feelings. Kural koyan kişinin (konuşanın) içinden gelen bir zorunluluk hissi vardır.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + must + yalın fiil | You must wear a badge. | Kart takmak zorundasın. |
| Yasak | özne + mustn't + yalın fiil | You mustn't be late. | Geç kalmak yasak. |
must genellikle yazılı kurallarda, tabelalarda ve güçlü tavsiyelerde görülür: "Passengers must show a ticket.", "You must try this cake!"
have to da zorunluluk anlatır ama farkı şudur: kural dışarıdan gelir — bir kanun, patron, kurum. It is an external rule, not your own feeling. Günlük konuşmada Türkçedeki "-mek zorunda" için en çok have to kullanılır.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Soru |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have to | don't have to | Do ... have to? |
| he / she / it | has to | doesn't have to | Does ... have to? |
Bu, ünitenin en önemli noktasıdır. Olumlu tarafta must ve have to birbirine yakındır; ama olumsuzda anlamları zıttır. Here is the difference that students confuse the most:
| Yapı | Anlam | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| mustn't | YASAK — yapma! | You mustn't park here. | Buraya park etmek yasak. |
| don't have to | GEREKSİZ — istersen yapma | You don't have to park here. | Buraya park etmek zorunda değilsin (istersen başka yere). |
Aynı fiil, iki çok farklı mesaj: "You mustn't tell him" = ona söyleme (yasak). "You don't have to tell him" = söylemek zorunda değilsin (senin seçimin).
should zorunluluk değildir — bir öğüt, tavsiye ya da iyi fikir bildirir. It is softer than must: "bunu yapmak iyi olur" demektir. Birine tavsiye verirken, bir problem için çözüm önerirken çok kullanılır.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Öğüt | özne + should + yalın fiil | You should rest. | Dinlenmelisin. |
| Ters öğüt | özne + shouldn't + yalın fiil | You shouldn't eat so much sugar. | O kadar şeker yememelisin. |
| Soru | Should + özne + yalın fiil | Should I see a dentist? | Diş hekimine gitmeli miyim? |
Türkçe konuşanların modal fiillerde en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| You must to wear a helmet. | You must wear a helmet. | must'tan sonra "to" yok, yalın fiil. |
| She should goes home. | She should go home. | should -s almaz, sonrası yalın fiil. |
| He have to work today. | He has to work today. | he/she/it → has to. |
| Do you must come? | Must you come? / Do you have to come? | must modaldır, "do" almaz. |
| You don't must smoke here. | You mustn't smoke here. | Yasak için mustn't; "don't must" yoktur. |
| You mustn't pay; it's free. | You don't have to pay; it's free. | "Gerek yok" için don't have to (yasak değil). |
| I think you must rest a little. | I think you should rest a little. | Tavsiye için should (must çok güçlü). |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. A manager explains the rules and gives advice to a new employee. Koyu yazılan modal yapılara dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to talk about rules and advice. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kural ve öğüt hakkında konuşmak için kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about rules and advice (school, work, health or home). Use at least 8 of the words above. (Kural ve öğüt hakkında 8 cümle yaz: okul, iş, sağlık ya da ev. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): rule · badge · advice · strict · polite · safety · follow · on time
Baytek is a busy technology company in Istanbul, and it has clear rules for its staff. When you start, your manager gives you a small handbook. It explains what you must do, what you mustn't do, and what you should do to have a good first month.
The building is big. Baytek has three floors, and about two hundred people work there. On the ground floor, there is a large reception desk. There is also a small café and a quiet break room. The first floor is for the office teams. The second floor has the labs and the meeting rooms. Every new worker gets a map of the building on the first day. The map is very useful, because the building is big. You don't have to remember everything at once. You can ask a colleague, and people are always happy to help.
Your first day is calm and easy. You don't have to work hard on this day. In the morning, you meet your manager and your team. They show you your desk, your computer, and the coffee machine. At eleven o'clock, there is a short welcome meeting for all new staff. Someone from the office team explains the main rules and answers your questions. After lunch, you read the handbook and set up your email. Nobody knows everything on day one, so you can take your time.
First, safety and time. Everybody must wear an ID badge inside the building, and visitors mustn't enter the labs alone. The rules protect people, so you must follow them. Office workers have to arrive by nine o'clock, but they don't have to stay after six. If you are ill, you don't have to come to work; you should call your manager and rest at home.
Let's talk more about the badge. Your badge has your name, your photo, and your team on it. You must wear it around your neck, so other people can see it. At the main door, you touch your badge on a small reader, and the door opens. If you forget your badge at home, you must go to reception. The staff there can give you a visitor card for one day. But this is slow, so it is better to keep your badge in your bag every evening. Selin says she now puts her badge next to her keys, and she never forgets it.
Visitors have their own rules. When a client or a friend comes to see you, they must sign in at reception first. The reception staff give them a visitor badge, and the visitor must wear it all the time. A visitor mustn't walk around the building alone. You have to meet your visitor at reception, and you should stay with them. This rule is about safety, not about trust. At the end of the visit, your guest must give the badge back and sign out.
The kitchen and the break room have simple rules too. You can make tea or coffee at any time, and you don't have to pay for it. There is a fridge for your lunch. You should write your name on your food, because the fridge is small and full. After lunch, you must clean the table and wash your cup. You mustn't leave old food in the fridge on Friday, because the cleaners empty it at the weekend. These rules are easy, but they keep the kitchen nice for everybody.
There is also a simple dress code. You don't have to wear a suit at Baytek, because the company likes a relaxed style. But you should wear clean and tidy clothes. In the labs, you must wear a white coat and special glasses for safety. You mustn't wear open shoes in the labs, because they are not safe. On Fridays, many people wear jeans, and that is fine. The main rule is easy: look tidy, and stay safe.
The handbook also gives friendly advice. New staff should ask a lot of questions, because nobody knows everything on the first day. You shouldn't eat at your desk, and you shouldn't leave dirty cups in the kitchen. In meetings, you should be polite and listen carefully.
Baytek also has rules about phones and computers. You should keep your phone quiet in the office, because loud sounds can disturb other people. You don't have to turn your phone off, but you shouldn't make long personal calls at your desk. For private calls, you can use the break room. On your computer, you must choose a strong password, and you mustn't share it with anyone. If you see a strange email, you should tell the IT team. They are friendly, and they answer very fast.
Meetings are an important part of the week. Most teams have one short meeting every morning. You should arrive on time, and you should bring a pen and a notebook. In the meeting, you shouldn't look at your phone, because it is not polite. If you have an idea, you should share it — small ideas are welcome too. New staff don't have to speak a lot in the first week. You can just listen and learn. Little by little, you will feel more sure.
Baytek wants its staff to learn and grow. In your first month, you have to finish two short online courses about safety and data. They are not difficult, and you don't have to finish them in one day. You can also join free English and computer classes after work. These classes are not a rule, so you don't have to go. But many people say they are very useful. If you want to learn a new skill, you should talk to your manager. Baytek is happy to help.
Selin remembers her first week well. 'The rules looked strict,' she says, 'but they were fair. I had to learn many names, and I mustn't forget my badge — that was the hardest part! My manager told me I should relax and enjoy the work. It was good advice.'
Selin is not the only one with a story. Emre started at Baytek last year, and he remembers his first month too. 'I was a little nervous,' he says. 'There were many rules, and I was afraid to make a mistake. But my team was very kind. When I had a question, someone always helped me. After two weeks, the rules felt normal, and I felt like part of the team.' Emre gives one tip to new staff: 'Don't try to be perfect on day one. You should relax, ask questions, and learn slowly.'
The handbook has a short part about health as well. Work is important, but your health is more important. You should take a short break every hour, and you should drink enough water. You shouldn't sit at your desk all day without moving. A short walk at lunch is good for your body and your mind. If you feel tired or sick, you don't have to be a hero. You should rest, and you can talk to your manager. A healthy worker is a happy worker.
At Baytek, the message is simple: you must follow the safety rules, you should ask for help, and then you will feel at home very soon.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct modal from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kip fiiliyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. What must everybody wear inside the building, and why?
2. What does the manager advise new staff to do? Give two examples.
3. What was the hardest part of Selin's first week?
Metinde and, but, so, because ve when bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about the dentist and looking after your teeth. (Bir konuşmacı diş hekimini ve diş bakımını anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about the dentist. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your text; your teacher will review it. (Yazını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Kural ve öğüt yazarken bağlaçlar özellikle işine yarar — bir kuralın sebebini (because) ya da bir istisnasını (but) belirtmek için.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | You must wear a badge and sign the book. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık / istisna | You have to arrive at nine, but you can leave at five. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | The labs are dangerous, so you mustn't enter alone. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | You should ask questions because it helps you learn. |
| when | -diğinde | Zaman / durum | When you finish, you should tidy your desk. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| You must wear a badge. You mustn't enter the labs alone. You should ask questions. You are new. | You must wear a badge, and you mustn't enter the labs alone because they are dangerous. You should ask questions when you are new. |
Bir kural-ve-öğüt metni üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Konu cümlesi: kim için, ne hakkında | Here are some rules and tips for new employees. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Zorunluluklar (must / have to), yasaklar (mustn't) ve öğütler (should). Bağlaçlarla bağla. | You must wear a badge, and you should arrive on time... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir cesaret / tavsiye cümlesi | Follow these rules and you will enjoy your work. |
Write a short text with rules and advice for new employees at your company (or your school). (Şirketinde ya da okulunda yeni çalışanlar için kural ve öğüt içeren kısa bir metin yaz.) Use modal verbs.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...