Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Ünite 1'de Past Simple ile biten, kapanmış olayları anlatmıştık: "Yesterday I visited my aunt." Now we meet a tense that connects the past to now: the Present Perfect. Present Perfect, olayın ne zaman olduğunu söylemez; önemli olan deneyim ya da sonucun bugüne uzanmasıdır. Hayatının bir noktasında bir şeyi yapıp yapmadığını anlatır.
Fark şu: "I visited Italy in 2019" (Past Simple — belirli zaman) ama "I have visited Italy" (Present Perfect — deneyim, zaman önemsiz). Bu bölümde yapıyı, ever/never ile deneyimi ve just/already/yet kelimelerini öğreneceğiz.
Present Perfect iki parçadan oluşur: yardımcı fiil have ya da has, ve ana fiilin üçüncü hâli (past participle / V3). The subject decides between have and has.
| Özne | Yardımcı | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have ('ve) | haven't | I have seen that film. |
| he / she / it | has ('s) | hasn't | She has seen that film. |
Soru yapısında have/has öznenin önüne geçer:
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + have/has + V3 | They have arrived. |
| Olumsuz | özne + haven't/hasn't + V3 | They haven't arrived. |
| Soru | Have/Has + özne + V3? | Have they arrived? |
Düzenli fiillerde V3, Past Simple ile aynıdır: fiile -ed eklenir (work → worked → worked). İyi haber: yeni bir şey ezberlemezsin. Düzensiz fiillerde ise V3 çoğu zaman ikinci hâlden (V2) farklıdır ve ezberlenmelidir. Aşağıdaki en sık kullanılan V3'leri iyi öğren.
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| be | been |
| go | gone / been |
| do | done |
| have | had |
| see | seen |
| eat | eaten |
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| take | taken |
| write | written |
| give | given |
| speak | spoken |
| break | broken |
| drink | drunk |
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| make | made |
| meet | met |
| buy | bought |
| find | found |
| win | won |
| read | read |
Present Perfect'in en yaygın kullanımı, hayat deneyimlerini anlatmaktır. Burada iki küçük kelime çok işe yarar: ever ve never.
| Kelime | Nerede? | Örnek | Anlamı |
|---|---|---|---|
| ever | soruda, have/has + özne'den sonra | Have you ever been to London? | Hiç Londra'ya gittin mi? |
| never | olumlu cümlede, have/has'ten sonra | I have never been to London. | Hiç Londra'ya gitmedim. |
Bu üç kelime Present Perfect ile çok sık kullanılır ve cümledeki yerleri farklıdır. Yeri karıştırmak en sık yapılan hatadır.
| Kelime | Anlamı | Yeri | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | az önce, daha yeni | have/has + just + V3 | I have just finished lunch. |
| already | çoktan, zaten | have/has + already + V3 | She has already left. |
| yet | henüz / daha (olumsuz & soru) | cümlenin sonunda | They haven't arrived yet. · Has it started yet? |
Basit bir ipucu: cümlede belirli bir geçmiş zaman ifadesi varsa (yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago) Past Simple kullan. Zaman söylenmiyor, sadece deneyim ya da bugüne etki varsa Present Perfect kullan.
| Present Perfect (deneyim / zaman yok) | Past Simple (belirli geçmiş zaman) |
|---|---|
| I have visited Rome. | I visited Rome in 2019. |
| She has just called. | She called ten minutes ago. |
| Have you ever eaten sushi? | Did you eat sushi last night? |
Türkçe konuşanların Present Perfect'te en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I have saw the film. | I have seen the film. | have'den sonra V3 gelir (saw = V2). |
| She have finished. | She has finished. | he/she/it → has. |
| I haven't never been there. | I have never been there. | never zaten olumsuzdur. |
| I have yet finished. | I haven't finished yet. | yet cümlenin sonunda, olumsuzda. |
| I have already ate. | I have already eaten. | already + V3 (eaten). |
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. | yesterday → Past Simple. |
Bu ünitede her şeyi unutsan bile bu dört kuralı unutma — quiz ve yazıda tam olarak bunlar ölçülür.
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two colleagues talk at the office. Koyu yazılan Present Perfect yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about your experiences. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Deneyimlerin hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): ever · never · just · already · yet · been · seen · met · experience
Baytek is a technology company in Istanbul. It makes software for banks and shops. About sixty people work there. The office is on the fourth floor of a tall building, and it has big windows. From the windows, the workers can see the city and the sea. The company has grown a lot in the last two years. It has opened a new office in Ankara, and it has found many new clients. The people at Baytek are proud of their work, because they have built useful things together.
Every morning, the workers arrive between eight and nine o'clock. They say hello, they make coffee, and they start their tasks. Mr. Demir, the manager, is a kind but serious man. He has worked at Baytek since the first day. He knows every project well, and he always helps young workers. 'A good team is like a family,' he often says.
Selin has worked at Baytek for a few months, but she has already learned a lot. This week a new engineer, Kenan, has joined the team, and everyone wants to help him because the first days are never easy.
It is Monday morning. The sun has come up, and the streets are busy. Kenan has arrived at the office early, at half past eight. He has put on a clean blue shirt, and he has brought a small notebook. He wants to write down new words and names. At the door, Selin has met him with a warm smile. 'Welcome to Baytek,' she has said. 'Come in. I have made some coffee for you.' Kenan has said thank you, and he has felt a little better already.
'Have you ever worked in a big company before?' Selin asks him. 'No, I haven't,' Kenan says. 'This is my first time, so I feel a little nervous.' Selin smiles. 'Don't worry. I have felt the same way, but the team here is very friendly.'
Selin has shown Kenan his new desk. The desk is near the window, next to a green plant. On the desk, there is a new computer and a phone. 'This is your place,' Selin has said. 'I have cleaned it for you this morning.' Kenan has looked around the office. He has counted the people, and he has seen many friendly faces. Some workers have waved at him. One man has come to his desk and has said, 'Hello, I am Emre. I have worked here for five years. If you have a question, just ask me.'
After that, Emre has taken Kenan on a short tour. They have walked around the whole floor. Kenan has visited the design room, the meeting room, and a quiet room for phone calls. 'We have a rule here,' Emre has said. 'We help each other. Nobody works alone.' Kenan has liked this idea very much. He has never worked in such a friendly place. In his last job, people have been busy and cold, but here everyone has smiled at him. He has felt at home already, and it is only his first morning.
By lunchtime, Kenan has met almost everyone. He has seen the design room, and he has already sent his first email to a client. Mr. Demir, the manager, has just given him an important task: to check the numbers for the Ankara project.
The Ankara project is important for the company. Baytek has worked on it for three months. The team has fixed many small problems, but they have not finished the last part yet. Kenan has opened the numbers on his computer. He has read them slowly, and he has taken some notes. 'Have you found any mistakes?' Merve has asked. 'Not yet,' Kenan has answered, 'but I have only started. I have checked the first page, and it looks good.'
Kenan has never used the company software, so Merve has shown him how it works before he starts the real project. When he tries it, he smiles. 'I haven't finished the training yet,' he says, 'but I have understood the main parts.'
At one o'clock, the team has stopped for lunch. They have gone to a small kitchen at the back of the office. Selin has brought a big salad, and Emre has ordered pizza for everyone. While they eat, they have talked about many things. 'Have you ever visited Ankara?' Emre has asked. 'No, I have never been there,' Kenan has said, 'but I have always wanted to go.' 'You will go soon,' Selin has laughed. 'This project has taken us there many times.' Kenan has smiled. He has liked his new team already, because they have been so kind to him.
In the afternoon, Kenan has learned even more. Merve has taught him how to send a report. Emre has shown him where the meeting room is. Selin has given him a list of important phone numbers. Kenan has written everything in his little notebook. By four o'clock, the notebook has three full pages. 'You have worked hard today,' Mr. Demir has said. 'I am happy that you have joined us. We have needed a person like you for a long time.'
Before the end of the day, the team has had a short meeting. Everyone has sat around a big table. Mr. Demir has asked about the Ankara project. Selin has said, 'We have done most of the work, but we have not sent the final report yet.' Merve has added, 'Kenan has helped us today. He has checked many numbers.' Kenan has felt proud. On his very first day, he has already become a part of the team. He has understood that good work is always teamwork.
At the end of the day, Selin asks, 'Have you enjoyed your first day?' 'Yes, I have!' Kenan laughs. 'I have learned so many new things, and I have made new friends. It has been a long day, but a really good one.' After work, the team has gone out to celebrate together.
On the way home, Kenan has thought about his first day. So many things have happened, and he has felt tired but happy. He has met new people, he has seen a new office, and he has started a real project. He has understood one thing clearly: this job is a good chance for him. 'I have made the right choice,' he has said to himself on the bus. Tomorrow is another day, and he has not seen everything yet. But he is ready. His new life at Baytek has just begun, and he cannot wait for the next morning.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why do the team want to help Kenan?
2. Name two things Kenan has done on his first day.
3. How has Kenan felt at the end of the day? Why?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker describes high schools in the United States. (Bir konuşmacı ABD liselerini anlatıyor.)
You will hear a talk about American high schools. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Amerikan liseleri hakkında bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Deneyimlerini anlatırken bunlar çok işine yarar.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I have travelled a lot and I have tried new food. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I have visited Rome, but I have never been to Paris. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I have just started a course, so I feel happy. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | It was a great experience because I met new people. |
| when | -diğinde | Zaman bildirir | When I was young, I never travelled abroad. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After the trip, I have visited them again. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I have never seen snow before. |
Bir deneyim paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Genel bir konu cümlesi | I have had many interesting experiences. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Yaptığın şeyler (have/has + V3), bir de hiç yapmadığın bir şey | I have visited three countries, but I have never been to Asia. |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / şu an ne hissettiğin | I have just started a new hobby, so I feel excited. |
Write about the experiences you have had in your life. (Hayatında yaşadığın deneyimleri anlat.) Use the Present Perfect.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...