Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Türkçede "kitap" der geçeriz; İngilizcede ise ismin önüne çoğu zaman küçük bir kelime koyarız: "a book", "the book" ya da hiçbir şey ("books"). Bu küçük kelimelere article (tanımlık) denir ve dinleyene o ismin hangi isim olduğunu anlatırlar. "I read a book" = herhangi bir kitap; "I read the book" = ikimizin de bildiği o kitap. Aradaki fark küçük gibi görünür ama anlamı tamamen değiştirir.
Bu bölümde dört durumu öğreneceğiz: a ve an (ilk kez, belirsiz), the (belirli, eşsiz, tekrar), ve zero article — yani hiç article kullanmadığımız durumlar. Adım adım gidelim.
a ve an aynı işi yapar: bir şeyi ilk kez ve belirsiz (herhangi biri) olarak anarız. Sadece tekil, sayılabilir isimlerle kullanılır — "a books" ✗ olmaz. a ile an arasındaki seçim yazılışa değil, sese bağlıdır:
| Kelime | Ne zaman? | Kural | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | sessiz harf sesiyle başlayan isimler | a + consonant sound | a car · a dog · a job |
| an | sesli harf sesiyle başlayan isimler | an + vowel sound | an apple · an egg · an idea |
the, konuşan ve dinleyenin ikisinin de bildiği belirli bir şey için kullanılır. Türkçede "o" ya da "şu" diyebileceğin durumlar. Hem tekil hem çoğul, hem sayılabilir hem sayılamaz isimlerle çalışır. Ne zaman "the"?
Bazen ismin önüne hiçbir şey koymayız. Buna zero article denir. En sık iki durumda olur: (1) çoğul isimlerle genel bir şey söylerken, (2) sayılamayan / soyut isimlerle genelleme yaparken.
| Durum | Örnek | Neden article yok? |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğul, genel | Dogs are loyal animals. | bütün köpekler hakkında genel |
| Sayılamayan, genel | I like music and coffee. | genel olarak müzik/kahve |
| Yemek adları | We had breakfast at eight. | breakfast/lunch/dinner ile article yok |
| Ülke/şehir/kişi adı | Ankara is in Turkey. | çoğu özel isimle article yok |
En çok karıştırılan nokta budur. Kısa kural: dinleyen hangi şeyden bahsettiğini bilmiyorsa a/an; biliyorsa the. Bir hikâyede genelde önce a/an, sonra aynı şeye the deriz.
| a / an (belirsiz) | the (belirli) |
|---|---|
| There is a café near my house. | The café is very cheap. |
| She has a car. | The car is red. |
| I read a book last week. | The book was about space. |
Bazı kalıpları kural olarak değil, ezber olarak öğrenmek gerekir. Bunlarda article ya hiç yoktur ya da her zaman "the" gelir. En sık geçenler:
| Article YOK (zero) | Daima the |
|---|---|
| go to bed / school / work | play the piano / the guitar |
| by car / bus / train | the sun / the moon / the sky |
| have breakfast / lunch | the same / the internet |
Türkçe konuşanların article'larda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| She is nurse at the hospital. | She is a nurse at the hospital. | Meslek isminin önüne a/an gerekir. |
| I have a idea. | I have an idea. | idea sesli sesle başlar → an. |
| He bought a umbrella. | He bought an umbrella. | umbrella sesli sesle başlar → an. |
| I love the music very much. | I love — music very much. | Genel anlamda müzik → zero article. |
| She is a honest woman. | She is an honest woman. | "h" okunmaz, sesli sesle başlar → an. |
| We go to the work by car. | We go to — work by car. | "go to work" kalıbında article yok. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about a new café in town. Koyu yazılan article'lara (a, an, the ve zero) dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use a, an, the and zero article in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra a, an, the ve zero article'ı kendi cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about your daily life. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Günlük hayatınla ilgili 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): university · apartment · breakfast · library · engineer · traffic · exciting · a · an · the
My name is Kerem, and last year I started a new life in Ankara. I got a place at a university in the city, so I moved into a small apartment near the campus. The apartment is not big, but it has a bright kitchen and an old balcony where I drink my coffee every morning.
Before Ankara, I lived in a small town by the sea. My town was quiet, and everybody knew my name. But there was no university there, so I had to leave home. My parents were sad, but they were also proud of me. On the first day, my father drove me to the bus station early in the morning. I took a big bus to the city, and the trip was very long. I was a little afraid, and I looked out of the window for hours. When I saw the lights of Ankara at night, my heart was full of hope.
My apartment is on the third floor of an old building. It has one bedroom, a tiny kitchen, and a small bathroom. The rent is not high, and that is good news for a student. In the morning, I open the window and I look at the busy street. I make a cup of coffee, and I stand on the balcony for ten minutes. The air is cold in winter, but I still like it. Sometimes a grey cat sits on the wall and looks at me. I gave the cat a name: Pamuk. Now Pamuk visits me every day, and I give her a little milk.
Life as a student is busy. I usually skip breakfast because I wake up late, but I always have lunch at the university. The food there is cheap, and the best dish is the soup that the cooks make on Fridays. After class, I often go to the library to study. The library is quiet, and it is the perfect place to read.
I study engineering at the university. The classes are hard, but they are also very interesting. My favourite teacher is Mr. Demir. He is a patient man, and he explains everything twice. In the first month, I did not understand many things, and I felt lost. But I made some good friends in my class, and now we study together. We share our notes, and we help each other before every exam. A good friend is a big help in a new city.
I am not a good cook, so I eat simple food at home. I make eggs, rice, and pasta. On Sundays, I try a new dish from the internet. Sometimes the food is nice, and sometimes it is really bad! Once I burned the rice, and the kitchen was full of smoke. My neighbour knocked on my door and laughed a lot. Now I cook more carefully. I still miss my mother's food, but I am learning slowly.
Ankara is a large city, and the traffic can be terrible. For this reason, I never travel by car. I take the metro, which is fast and clean. At the weekend, I like to walk in the old part of the town. There is a beautiful park where families sit under the trees when the sun is warm.
On some evenings, I take the metro and I explore the city. Ankara is very big, and every part is different. In one area, there are old shops and narrow streets. In another area, there are tall buildings and bright lights. I like the old market the best. The sellers are friendly, and the smell of fresh bread is everywhere. I buy tea, cheese, and olives for the week. Then I ride the metro home with my heavy bags.
The seasons in Ankara are very different. The summer is hot and dry, but the winter is cold with a lot of snow. In winter, I wear a thick coat and a warm scarf. The snow is beautiful, but the roads become slow and full of cars. In spring, the park is green again, and it is full of flowers. I take photos of the flowers with my phone. Ankara is not by the sea, so sometimes I miss the beach. But the city has many parks, and I love to sit there and read a book.
One day, I got lost in the city. I took the wrong bus, and I did not know the street. It was dark, and my phone had no battery. I felt afraid. Then a kind old woman helped me. She showed me the right way, and she even gave me an apple. "Ankara is a good city," she said with a warm smile. I never forgot her kindness. Now I always help people who look lost, because I remember that night.
In the evening, I play the guitar with my neighbour, an engineer who loves music. He is a kind man, and he has become a real friend. Sometimes we talk for an hour about music and books.
My neighbour's name is Osman. He is older than me, but we are good friends. He works for a big company, and he builds bridges and roads. In the evening, he teaches me new songs on the guitar. I am not a great player yet, but I am better than before. At the weekend, we cook dinner together and we talk for a long time. He tells me about his job, and I tell him about my classes. When I am tired or sad, Osman gives me good advice.
In spring, my university has a big festival. There is music, food, and games in the garden. Students sing and dance all day. I played the guitar on a small stage with Osman, and I was very nervous. But the people clapped, and it was a wonderful day. After the festival, we ate kebab and drank ayran together. I made three new friends that day. A festival is a great way to feel part of a place.
Now my days have a clear plan. From Monday to Friday, I go to class and I study at the library. On Saturday, I clean my apartment and I do my shopping. On Sunday, I rest, and I call my family on the phone. My mother always asks the same question: "Are you eating well?" I always say yes, and she laughs. I miss my family a lot, but I write to them every week. Little by little, Ankara is becoming my real home.
I also have a big dream for the future. After university, I want to be a good engineer, and I want to build safe roads and bridges. My town by the sea needs new roads too. Maybe one day I will go back and help my people there. But for now, my place is here in the city. Ankara gives me new lessons every single day. The city is hard, but it is also kind. Step by step, I am growing up.
Life in Ankara is not always easy, but it is an exciting adventure, and I am happy that I came. A city is only walls and streets, but the people make it a home.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct article (a / an / the) from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru article ile tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Where does Kerem live, and what is his apartment like?
2. How does Kerem travel around the city, and why?
3. Why is Kerem happy in Ankara?
Metinde a, an, the ve zero article (article olmayan) örneklerini bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Play a describing game, then do the extra practice quiz. (Bir tanımlama oyunu oyna, sonra ekstra alıştırma testini yap.)
Bir kelime söylemeden, o şeyi tanımlayarak anlat — tıpkı Türkçedeki "Tabu" gibi. Describe a thing or a place with the correct article (a, an or the), and let your partner guess the word. Önce örnek diyaloğa bak:
Şimdi sıra sende. Describe each of these out loud with the correct article — sesli olarak, a/an/the kullanarak. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla tahmin oyunu oyna. Amaç: article'ı rahatça seçebilmek.
Söylediğin tanımları yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down your descriptions and submit them for feedback — optional.) 4-6 cümle, her birinde bir article (a, an, the ya da zero) kullan.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
10 questions on articles — a, an, the and zero article mixed. (10 soru: karışık article'lar.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Article'lar küçük kelimelerdir ama yanlış kullanılınca yazı hemen "yabancı" gözükür. What makes writing sound natural is choosing a/an, the or zero article correctly: ilk anmada a/an, bilinen şeyde the, genel şeylerde ise article yok. Bir de bağlaçları (and, but, so, because, when...) eklersen, yazın gerçek bir metne dönüşür.
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Yanlış article'lar ✗ | Doğru article + bağlaç ile ✓ |
|---|---|
| I live in city. It is the Izmir. I have a apartment. I love the sea. | I live in a city called Izmir, and I have an apartment near the sea, because I love — swimming in summer. |
A2 boyunca öğrendiğin bağlaçlar. This is your toolbox — bunları doğru article'larla birlikte kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| and | ve | an apple and a banana |
| but | ama | a small flat but a lovely view |
| so | bu yüzden | The traffic is bad, so I take the metro. |
| because | çünkü | I love the café because it is quiet. |
| when | -diğinde | I read a book when I have time. |
Write about a place you know well — your city, your neighbourhood or your home. (İyi bildiğin bir yeri anlat — şehrin, mahallen ya da evin.) Use articles correctly.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Bu, A2 seviyesinin son ünitesiydi. Geçmiş zamanlardan geleceğe, karşılaştırmalardan koşul cümlelerine ve şimdi tanımlıklara (articles) kadar tüm ünitelerin tamamını bitirdin. Artık isimlerin önünde a, an, the ya da hiçbir article kullanmayı doğru biçimde seçebilirsin. Sıradaki durak: B1. Emeğin için kendini kutla ve öğrenmeye devam et.
Genel İngilizce'ye Dön & B1'e Bak ›Oturum kontrol ediliyor...