Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bir kişiyi ya da nesneyi tanıtmak istediğinde çoğu zaman iki cümle kurarsın: "I have a friend. She lives in Paris." Sounds a little broken, right? İyi bir İngilizcede bu iki cümleyi tek cümlede birleştiririz: "I have a friend who lives in Paris." İşte bu koyu kısma relative clause (ilgi cümleciği) denir — bir ismi tanımlayan, açıklayan küçük bir cümledir.
Bu bölümde dört kelimeyi öğreneceğiz: who (kişiler için), which (nesneler için), that (her ikisi için) ve where (yerler için). Then we will learn how to join two sentences into one and how to describe people, things and places clearly. Adım adım gidelim.
Relative clause bir ilgi zamiriyle başlar. Which word you choose depends on the noun you describe — bir kişi mi, bir nesne mi, yoksa bir yer mi tanımlıyorsun? Aşağıdaki tablo bütün mantığı özetliyor:
| Kelime | Ne için? | Türkçe mantığı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | kişiler (people) | -en / -an kişi | the woman who works here |
| which | nesneler / hayvanlar (things) | -en / -an şey | the book which I read |
| that | kişiler ve nesneler (both) | her ikisi de olur | the man that called · the car that broke |
| where | yerler (places) | -diği yer | the city where I was born |
A defining relative clause tells us which person or thing we mean. Yani cümleden çıkarırsan, kimden ya da neden bahsettiğimizi anlayamayız — bu yüzden "tanımlayan" denir; bilgi zorunludur. Yapı çok basittir:
Relative clause'un en güçlü işi budur: iki kısa cümleyi tek, akıcı bir cümle yapmak. The trick: iki cümlede ortak olan ismi bul; ikinci cümledeki tekrar eden kelimeyi (he, she, it...) at ve yerine who / which / where koy.
| İki cümle | Birleşmiş cümle |
|---|---|
| I have a friend. She lives in Paris. | I have a friend who lives in Paris. |
| This is the pen. I use it every day. | This is the pen which I use every day. |
| That is the school. I studied there. | That is the school where I studied. |
Konuşma dilinde en sık duyacağın kelime that'tir. In everyday English, that can replace who (for people) and which (for things). Yani emin değilsen "that" de, çoğu zaman doğru olur.
| who / which ile | that ile (aynı anlam) |
|---|---|
| the man who called me | the man that called me |
| the car which broke down | the car that broke down |
| the people who live here | the people that live here |
Bir yeri tanımlarken (bir şehir, oda, bina, kafe...) where kullanırız. It means "in that place" — o yerde bir şey olur. Türkçedeki "-diği yer" mantığına çok benzer.
Türkçe konuşanların ilgi cümleciklerinde en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| The man which lives here... | The man who lives here... | Kişi için who (which değil). |
| A doctor is a person which helps you. | A doctor is a person who helps you. | person = kişi → who. |
| The book who I read was good. | The book which/that I read was good. | Nesne için which/that (who değil). |
| This is the city who I live. | This is the city where I live. | Yer için where. |
| The girl who she sings is my sister. | The girl who sings is my sister. | who zaten özne; "she"yi tekrar etme. |
| The phone what I bought is fast. | The phone which/that I bought is fast. | "what" ilgi cümleciğinde kullanılmaz. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two colleagues talk about the new office and the people in it. Koyu yazılan ilgi cümleciklerine dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then describe people and places in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kişileri ve yerleri kendi cümlelerinde tanımla.)
Write 8 sentences that describe people, places and things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Kişileri, yerleri ve nesneleri tanımlayan 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): person · place · designer · engineer · building · friendly · who · which · that · where
Baytek is a company that designs modern furniture. The person who started it is Mr. Demir, a man who loves simple, clean design. He built the office in a quiet street where the traffic is never a problem.
The building where Baytek works is not very big. It is a white building that has two floors and many windows. The windows let in a lot of light, so the rooms are always bright. In the morning, the first person who arrives is Mr. Demir. He is a man who likes to be early. He opens the door, he turns on the lights, and he makes the first pot of tea. Baytek is a place where the day starts in a calm and quiet way. The street where the office stands is short and clean. There are trees on both sides, and there is a small park where people walk their dogs. It is a nice place to work.
Baytek is a company that started many years ago. Mr. Demir was a young man who had one small room and a few tools. He made his first chair alone, and it was a chair that his friends loved. Slowly, more people who liked his work came to help him. First there was one worker, then five, and then twenty. Today Baytek is a place where many people work together, but it is still not a big company. Mr. Demir often says, "I like a company that stays small, because a small company is a place where everybody knows everybody." The workers who hear this always agree with him.
The woman who sits near the window is Selin. She is the designer who made the chair that won a prize last year. Selin works with Ali, an engineer who checks every product that leaves the factory. Ali is a careful person who never forgets a detail.
Selin is a person who loves her job. She has a desk that is full of pens, paper, and small models. On her desk there is a lamp which gives a warm light. Selin draws chairs, tables, and shelves that people use at home. She likes wood, and she likes colours that are soft and natural. Near Selin there is a young woman who is called Derya. Derya is a new designer who joined the team this year. She is a person who asks many questions, and Selin is happy to help her. "A good designer is someone who never stops learning," Selin says. The two women work at a long table where they share ideas every day.
The room where the team has meetings is bright and warm. It has a big table that Mr. Demir bought in Ankara, and a plant which Selin waters every morning. On the wall there is a photo that shows the first product the company made.
Behind the office there is a workshop where the workers build the furniture. It is a large room that smells of wood and paint. The machines which cut the wood are loud, so the workers wear special glasses that protect their eyes. Ali is the engineer who checks the machines every week. He is a careful man who wants everything to be safe. The people who work in the workshop are kind and friendly. One of them is Kemal, a worker who has been here for ten years. Kemal is a man who knows every tool in the room. He often helps the new workers who do not know the machines yet. The furniture that they make here goes to shops all over Turkey.
When you enter Baytek, the first thing that you see is a small desk near the door. This is the desk where Aylin works. Aylin is the person who welcomes every visitor. She is a kind woman who always has a big smile. On her desk there is a book which shows the names of all the guests. Aylin gives coffee to the people who wait, and she tells them about the company. Behind her there is a wall that has many photos. The photos show the chairs, the tables, and the shelves that Baytek has made over the years. Every guest who comes here looks at this wall and says, "What a beautiful place."
Next to the office there is a small café where the workers have lunch. The person who runs the café is Zeynep, a friendly woman who knows everybody's name. She makes the coffee that everyone loves.
At lunch time, the café where the workers eat is full of noise and laughter. Zeynep, who is always busy, moves fast between the tables. She remembers the food that each person likes. She knows the man who wants tea with no sugar, and she knows the woman who loves her cake. Next to the café there is a small garden where the workers sit when the weather is warm. In the garden there is an old tree that gives good shade. Under the tree there is a wooden bench which Kemal made himself. It is a quiet spot where people rest, read, or talk about their work. Many workers say the garden is the place that they love the most.
On Friday afternoons, Baytek is a company that does something special. All the workers stop for one hour and meet in the big room where they usually have meetings. They drink coffee, they eat cake, and they talk about the week that has passed. Mr. Demir thanks the people who worked hard, and everybody claps. It is a simple tradition that makes the team feel like a family. Sometimes a customer who bought a chair or a table sends a nice message, and Selin reads it out loud. These are the small moments that make the workers smile. Baytek is not only a place where people work; it is a place where people care about each other.
Baytek also thinks about the world that we live in. The company uses wood that comes from good forests, and it does not waste materials. The old pieces of wood which the workers do not use become small toys for children. There is a box near the door where people can leave things that they want to give away. Mr. Demir believes in a company that helps other people. Every year, Baytek gives some chairs and tables to a school where the children need them. The teachers who receive these gifts write kind letters, and Aylin puts the letters on the wall. This is the reason why the workers are proud of the place where they spend their days.
Baytek is not a big company, but it is a place where people feel happy. The workers who come here every day say the same thing: it is a company that treats people well, and that is the reason they stay.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct relative word (who / which / that / where) from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru ilgi kelimesiyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Who is Selin, and what did she make?
2. Where do the workers have lunch, and who runs that place?
3. Why do the workers stay at Baytek?
Metinde who, which, that ve where ilgi kelimelerini bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Play a describing game, then do the extra practice quiz. (Bir tanımlama oyunu oyna, sonra ekstra alıştırma testini yap.)
Bir kelime söylemeden, o şeyi tanımlayarak anlat — tıpkı Türkçedeki "Tabu" gibi. Describe a person, a place or a thing using who, which or where, and let your partner guess the word. Önce örnek diyaloğa bak:
Şimdi sıra sende. Describe each of these out loud with a relative clause — sesli olarak, who/which/where kullanarak. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla tahmin oyunu oyna. Amaç: bir ismi rahatça tanımlayabilmek.
Söylediğin tanımları yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down your descriptions and submit them for feedback — optional.) 4-6 cümle, her birinde bir ilgi cümleciği kullan.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
10 questions on relative clauses — who, which, that and where mixed. (10 soru: karışık ilgi cümlecikleri.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Kısa, kopuk cümleler bir yazıyı zayıf gösterir. What makes writing sound natural and mature is relative clauses: kişileri, yerleri ve nesneleri tek cümlede tanımlar, iki fikri akıcı biçimde birleştirirler. Bir de bağlaçları (and, but, so, because, when...) eklersen, yazın gerçek bir metne dönüşür.
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Relative clause + bağlaç ile ✓ |
|---|---|
| I have a friend. Her name is Deniz. She lives in Izmir. Izmir is a city. I love it. | I have a friend who is called Deniz, and she lives in Izmir, a city which I love because the sea is very close. |
A2 boyunca öğrendiğin bağlaçlar. This is your toolbox — bunları relative clause'larla birlikte kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| and | ve | a friend who is kind and funny |
| but | ama | a place which is small but beautiful |
| so | bu yüzden | He is friendly, so everyone likes him. |
| because | çünkü | I love the café because it is quiet. |
| when | -diğinde | She smiles when she sees me. |
Write about the important people and places in your life. (Hayatındaki önemli kişileri ve yerleri anlat.) Use relative clauses.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Bu, A2 seviyesinin son ünitesiydi. Geçmiş zamanlardan geleceğe, karşılaştırmalardan koşul cümlelerine ve şimdi ilgi cümleciklerine kadar 12 ünitenin tamamını tamamladın. Artık kişileri, yerleri ve olayları çok daha zengin cümlelerle anlatabilirsin. Sıradaki durak: B1. Emeğin için kendini kutla ve öğrenmeye devam et.
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