Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şimdiye kadar hep bugünden ve genel gerçeklerden konuştun. Now it is time to talk about the past. When you tell a friend what you did yesterday, where you went last weekend, or what happened on your holiday, you need a new tense: the Past Simple. Past Simple, geçmişte başlayıp biten olayları anlatır — bir kez oldu, tamamlandı ve kapandı.
Bu bölümde önce be fiilinin geçmişini (was / were) kısaca hatırlayacağız. Then we will study regular verbs (-ed) and irregular verbs, questions and negatives with did / didn't, short answers, and past time expressions. Adım adım gidelim.
A2'ye başlarken bunu zaten biliyorsun, so this is just a quick bridge. "Olmak" fiilinin geçmiş hâli iki şekildedir: was ve were. These describe states in the past — where somebody was, how they felt, what something was like.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / he / she / it | was | wasn't | She was tired yesterday. |
| you / we / they | were | weren't | We were at the office. |
Çoğu fiil geçmişte -ed alır. This is the easy part: no new word to memorize, you just add an ending. Ama yazımda (spelling) dört küçük kural var. Bunları öğren, çünkü sınavda ve yazıda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu fiil | + ed | work → worked · watch → watched · play → played |
| -e ile biten | + d | live → lived · arrive → arrived · like → liked |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ied | study → studied · try → tried · carry → carried |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + ed | stop → stopped · plan → planned · shop → shopped |
Some verbs do not follow the -ed rule. Bunların geçmiş hâli tamamen farklı bir kelimedir ve ezberlenmesi gerekir. İyi haber: en çok kullanılanlar bir avuç kadardır. Aşağıdaki listeyi iyi öğren — günlük konuşmanın çoğu bu fiillerle döner.
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| have | had |
| do | did |
| make | made |
| see | saw |
| come | came |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| take | took |
| get | got |
| give | gave |
| know | knew |
| think | thought |
| say | said |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| find | found |
| buy | bought |
| tell | told |
| meet | met |
| eat | ate |
| write | wrote |
Olumlu cümlede fiili değiştiririz. But for questions and negatives, we use a helper: did. Bütün öznelerde aynıdır — he/she/it için bile "did" (does değil). En önemli kural şu: did / didn't'ten sonra fiil yalın hâle döner.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + geçmiş fiil | She went to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitti. |
| Olumsuz | özne + didn't + yalın fiil | She didn't go to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitmedi. |
| Soru | Did + özne + yalın fiil | Did she go to Ankara? | Ankara'ya gitti mi? |
Bir Past Simple sorusuna kısa cevap vermek çok kolaydır, because you only need did or didn't — fiili tekrar etmezsin. Özne ne olursa olsun kalıp aynıdır.
| Soru | Olumlu | Olumsuz |
|---|---|---|
| Did you call her? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did he finish the report? | Yes, he did. | No, he didn't. |
| Did they enjoy the trip? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
Past Simple genellikle bir zaman ifadesiyle birlikte gelir. These words tell the listener that the action is finished and in the past. En sık kullanılanlar şunlardır:
| İfade | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | dün | I saw them yesterday. |
| last night / week / year | dün gece / geçen hafta / geçen yıl | We met last week. |
| ... ago | ... önce | He left two hours ago. |
| in 2019 / in May | 2019'da / Mayıs'ta | She started in 2019. |
| when I was young | gençken / çocukken | When I was a child, I lived in Bursa. |
Türkçe konuşanların Past Simple'da en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I goed home. | I went home. | go düzensizdir; "goed" yoktur. |
| Did you went home? | Did you go home? | did'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| She didn't went. | She didn't go. | didn't'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| He did not knew. | He did not know. | did not = didn't; sonrası yalın fiil. |
| We was late. | We were late. | you / we / they → were. |
| Yesterday I go to work. | Yesterday I went to work. | "yesterday" varsa fiil geçmiş olmalı. |
| Two days ago I have called. | Two days ago I called. | Belirli geçmiş zamanla Past Simple kullanılır. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two colleagues talk about their weekend on Monday morning. Koyu yazılan geçmiş zaman yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about the past. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Geçmiş hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): arrived · visited · met · bought · stayed · finished · enjoyed · last · ago
Baytek is a small company in Istanbul. It makes designs for offices and shops. About twenty people work there. The office is on the fourth floor of an old building. It has big windows, and the workers can see the street below. There is a small kitchen with a coffee machine and a table. Every morning, the team drinks coffee together before work. Selin is a young designer. She started her job at Baytek six months ago. She likes her work, and she likes her team. Her desk is next to the window. On her desk, there is a computer, a lamp, and a photo of her family. Selin is friendly and quiet. She always says good morning to everybody. Her manager, Mr. Demir, is a kind man. He is fifty years old, and he has worked at Baytek for many years.
Last week was very busy at Baytek. On Monday morning, Selin arrived at the office early because she had an important job. Her manager, Mr. Demir, wanted a new design for a big client from Ankara. Selin worked hard all day, so she didn't take a long lunch break.
On Monday, Selin got up at six o'clock. She made a quick breakfast and drank a cup of tea. Then she took the bus to the office. The bus was full, but she found a seat near the door. She looked at her phone and read her emails. When she arrived, the office was quiet. Only two people were there. Selin turned on her computer and opened the new project. Mr. Demir came to her desk and said, 'This client is very important for us. Please do your best work.' Selin smiled and said, 'Of course.' She felt a little nervous, but she was also happy. She loved big projects like this one. All morning, she drew new ideas on paper. At lunchtime, she ate a sandwich at her desk because she did not want to stop.
On Tuesday, two engineers, Ali and Merve, travelled to Ankara. They met the client at ten o'clock and showed him the first plan. The client liked it, but he asked for a few changes. Ali called the office and told Selin about the new ideas.
Ali and Merve took the early train to Ankara. The trip was about four hours long. On the train, they talked about the plan and drank coffee. Merve read the client's notes again, and Ali looked out of the window. When they arrived in Ankara, a taxi took them to the client's office. The office was big and modern. The client, Mr. Yılmaz, was a tall man with grey hair. He was polite and friendly. He gave them tea and asked about their trip. Then Ali and Merve showed him the first plan on a big screen. Mr. Yılmaz looked at every page. He liked the colours and the shapes. But he wanted the logo bigger, and he wanted a different photo on the front page. Ali wrote down all his ideas in a small notebook. After the meeting, they said goodbye and took the train home.
On Wednesday and Thursday, the whole team worked together. Selin made the new design, Mark wrote the emails, and Merve checked the numbers. They didn't finish early — on Thursday they stayed until eight o'clock. Everybody was tired, but nobody complained because the project was exciting.
On Wednesday morning, the whole team met in the small meeting room. Ali showed the client's new ideas on the screen. Everybody listened and took notes. Then they made a plan for the two days. Selin worked on the new design. She made the logo bigger and changed the photo on the front page. Mark wrote emails to the client and to the printer. Merve checked all the numbers and the prices. The team helped each other all day. When Selin had a problem, Merve came and gave her good advice. They drank a lot of coffee and ate biscuits from the kitchen. Sometimes they were tired, but they did not stop. On Thursday evening, the office was dark outside, but the lights were still on. The team wanted the design to be perfect for Friday. Late in the evening, they ordered pizza and ate together in the kitchen. They were tired, but they laughed and told funny stories. When the new design was finally ready, everybody looked at the screen and felt happy with their work.
On Friday, the client came to Istanbul. Before he arrived, the team cleaned the meeting room and bought some coffee and biscuits. When the client saw the final design, he smiled. 'This is perfect,' he said. 'Thank you very much.'
The client was very happy with the design. He sat down again and talked with the team for an hour. He asked some questions, and Mark answered them. Then Mr. Yılmaz took out a pen and signed the contract. Everybody in the room felt proud. Mr. Demir shook hands with the client and thanked the whole team. 'You did great work this week,' he said. 'I am proud of all of you.' Selin felt very happy. This was her first big project at Baytek, and it was a success. The client also thanked Selin for the new logo. 'It looks modern and clean,' he said. Selin smiled and said, 'Thank you very much.' Before the client left, he took some photos of the office. He said he wanted to work with Baytek again next year.
After the meeting, the whole team went to a small restaurant near the office. They ate good food, talked about the week, and laughed a lot. It was a hard week, but it was also a good one. Selin learned a lot, and she knew that Baytek was the right place for her.
On Saturday, Selin slept late. She was tired after the long week, but she felt good. In the afternoon, she called her mother and told her about the project. 'The client loved my design,' she said. Her mother was very proud. On Sunday, Selin went for a walk in the park near her house. The weather was warm and sunny. She sat on a bench and thought about her job. She remembered the hard days and the late evenings at the office. But she also remembered the happy moments with her team. She knew that she worked with good people. On Monday, she would start a new week and new projects. Selin was not worried. She felt ready and strong. She smiled and said to herself, 'I love my job.' For Selin, Baytek was more than a company. It was like a second family.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct past verb from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru geçmiş fiille tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did Ali and Merve travel to Ankara?
2. What did the client say about the final design?
3. How did Selin feel at the end of the week? Why?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Practise a real conversation about last weekend. (Geçen hafta sonu hakkında gerçek bir konuşma yap.)
Önce dinle-gör: iki arkadaş hafta sonlarını anlatıyor. Read it aloud two times — first as A, then as B. Koyu yazılan Past Simple yapılarına dikkat et; bunları birazdan kendi konuşmanda kullanacaksın.
Şimdi sıra sende. Answer these questions out loud in full Past Simple sentences — sesli olarak, tam cümlelerle. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla A/B rolleriyle canlandır. Amaç: geçmiş zamanı akıcı biçimde konuşabilmek.
Söylediklerini yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down what you said and submit it for feedback — optional.) Konuştuğun cevapları 5-6 cümlelik kısa bir diyalog ya da paragraf hâlinde yaz.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. A2 seviyesinde A1'in bağlaçlarına üç yeni zaman bağlacı ekliyoruz: when, after, before. These are perfect for telling a story about the past.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I cooked and we ate together. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I was tired but happy. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It rained, so we stayed inside. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I was happy because I saw my friends. |
| when | -diğinde | Aynı anki olay | When I arrived, the party started. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After lunch, we went home. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I called her before I left. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I woke up late. I met my friend. We walked in the park. I was tired. I was happy. | I woke up late because I was tired. After breakfast, I met my friend and we walked in the park. I was tired, but I was happy. |
Bir anlatı paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Konu cümlesi: ne zaman, genel his | Last weekend was really nice. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Ne yaptığın, sırayla. Bağlaçlarla ve zaman ifadeleriyle bağla. | On Saturday I visited my family, and after lunch we... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / genel değerlendirme | I didn't do much, but I enjoyed my weekend a lot. |
Write about your last weekend or your last holiday. (Geçen hafta sonunu ya da son tatilini anlat.) Use the Past Simple.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...