Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
İngilizcede çoğu zaman bir cümlede tek bir fiil vardır. But very often we want to put two verbs together: "I like ...", "I want ..." ne? Bir eylem! İşte o zaman ikinci fiil değişir. Türkçede "yüzmeyi severim" ya da "gitmek istiyorum" deriz; İngilizcede de ikinci fiil ya -ing alır (gerund) ya da başına to gelir (infinitive).
Bu ünitede iki soruya cevap vereceğiz: (1) İkinci fiil ne zaman -ing olur? (2) Ne zaman to alır? İyi haber: bu, hangi ilk fiili kullandığına bağlıdır. So you learn a few verbs with -ing and a few verbs with to, and then it becomes easy.
Bir fiile -ing eklediğimizde ona gerund deriz. A gerund is a verb that works like a noun (isim gibi davranan fiil). "swim" bir eylemdir; "swimming" ise "yüzme / yüzmek" gibi bir isimdir. Bazı fiillerden sonra ikinci fiil her zaman gerund olur.
Aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra ikinci fiil -ing alır. Bunlar genelde bir eylemden hoşlanma / hoşlanmama ya da bir eylemi bitirme anlamı taşır. Listeyi ezberle — cümlelerin çoğu bu fiillerle döner:
| Fiil | Anlamı | Örnek (+ V-ing) | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| enjoy | keyif almak | I enjoy cooking. | Yemek yapmaktan keyif alırım. |
| like | sevmek | She likes reading. | O okumayı sever. |
| love | bayılmak | We love travelling. | Seyahat etmeye bayılırız. |
| hate | nefret etmek | He hates waiting. | Beklemekten nefret eder. |
| finish | bitirmek | I finished writing the report. | Raporu yazmayı bitirdim. |
| mind | sakınca görmek | I don't mind working late. | Geç çalışmakta sakınca görmem. |
| stop | durdurmak / bırakmak | Please stop talking. | Lütfen konuşmayı bırak. |
| avoid | kaçınmak | She avoids eating late. | Geç yemek yemekten kaçınır. |
| practise | pratik yapmak | We practise speaking English. | İngilizce konuşma pratiği yaparız. |
Aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra ise ikinci fiil başına to alır (infinitive). Bunlar genelde bir istek, plan, karar ya da ihtiyaç anlatır. Yani gelecekle, niyetle ilgilidir:
| Fiil | Anlamı | Örnek (+ to + V) | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| want | istemek | I want to learn Spanish. | İspanyolca öğrenmek istiyorum. |
| need | ihtiyaç duymak | She needs to rest. | Dinlenmeye ihtiyacı var. |
| decide | karar vermek | We decided to move. | Taşınmaya karar verdik. |
| hope | ummak | He hopes to pass the exam. | Sınavı geçmeyi umuyor. |
| would like | istemek (kibar) | I would like to help. | Yardım etmek isterim. |
| plan | planlamak | They plan to travel. | Seyahat etmeyi planlıyorlar. |
| learn | öğrenmek | I learned to drive. | Araba sürmeyi öğrendim. |
| try | denemek / çalışmak | Try to relax. | Rahatlamaya çalış. |
Bir sürpriz: like, love, hate fiilleri iki şekilde de kullanılabilir — hem -ing hem to. Anlam neredeyse aynıdır, bu yüzden A2 seviyesinde ikisi de doğrudur:
Küçük bir nüans: like + -ing genelde "o eylemden zevk almak" (hobi) anlamındadır; like + to ise bazen "iyi/doğru olduğu için tercih etmek" anlamı taşır. A2'de bunu bilmen yeterli:
Türkçe konuşanların gerund/infinitive konusunda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I enjoy to read. | I enjoy reading. | enjoy her zaman -ing ister. |
| She wants going home. | She wants to go home. | want her zaman to + fiil ister. |
| We finished to eat. | We finished eating. | finish her zaman -ing ister. |
| I need buying milk. | I need to buy milk. | need her zaman to + fiil ister. |
| He decided going. | He decided to go. | decide her zaman to + fiil ister. |
| I want to going out. | I want to go out. | to'dan sonra yalın fiil (going değil). |
| Would you like coming? | Would you like to come? | would like her zaman to ister. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about their free time and plans. Koyu yazılan gerund (V-ing) ve infinitive (to + V) yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then talk about what you like and want to do. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra neleri sevdiğini ve yapmak istediğini anlat.)
Write 8 sentences about your free time, hobbies and plans. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Boş zamanın, hobilerin ve planların hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): enjoy · hate · finish · want · need · decide · hope · avoid · practise · prefer
At Baytek, the new year always starts with plans and goals. This January, the team decided to try something different. Everybody wrote down one thing they wanted to learn and one habit they hoped to change.
This idea is a tradition at Baytek. Every January, the workers meet in the big room. They drink tea and coffee, and they talk about the new year. On the wall, there is a large board. At the top, the board says "Our Goals." Everybody writes a goal on a small card, and then they put the card on the board. It is a simple habit, but people really like doing it. Writing a goal on paper feels good. It helps you to remember your plan. The manager, Mr. Demir, started this tradition five years ago. He believes that making a plan is the first step. "You cannot finish a goal," he often says, "if you never start it." The team enjoys reading the cards together. Some goals are about work, and some goals are about free time and hobbies.
Selin enjoys designing, so she wants to learn a new software this year. She doesn't like sitting at her desk all day, so she also decided to take a short walk every afternoon. "I need to move more," she said, "and I love spending time outside."
Selin works in the design team. She enjoys drawing on her computer, and she loves making new logos for clients. But she doesn't like sitting still for many hours. Her back hurts, and she feels tired. So this year she decided to change her habit. Every afternoon, at three o'clock, she stops working for ten minutes. She goes outside and takes a short walk in the small park near the office. She enjoys looking at the trees and listening to the birds. Sometimes a friend from work joins her, and they prefer walking together. "Walking helps me to think," Selin says. After the walk, she comes back and starts designing again. She feels fresh, and she avoids getting too tired. Learning a new software is not always easy, but Selin likes trying new things.
Mr. Demir hates wasting time in long meetings. He hopes to finish every meeting in thirty minutes, because people stop listening after that. He also wants to start reading one business book each month.
Mr. Demir is a busy manager, but he is kind. He hates wasting time, so he always tries to keep meetings short. In the past, some meetings were two hours long. People felt bored, and they stopped listening. Now Mr. Demir uses a small timer. When thirty minutes finish, the meeting is over. Everybody is happy about this new rule. Mr. Demir also wants to read more this year. Every morning, before work, he enjoys reading for twenty minutes with a cup of coffee. Reading helps him to learn new ideas. "I don't want to stop learning," he says. "A good manager needs to grow, too." He keeps a list of books on his desk, and he loves finishing a book and starting a new one.
Ali and Merve prefer working together. They enjoy solving problems as a team, but they need to improve their English. They decided to practise speaking every Friday. At first they didn't like recording their voices, but now they don't mind it.
Ali and Merve work in the sales team. They enjoy talking to customers, but sometimes the customers speak only English. This is a problem, because Ali and Merve are still learning. They don't want to make mistakes in front of clients. So they decided to practise more. Every Friday afternoon, they sit in a quiet room for one hour. They read short texts, they ask each other questions, and they record their voices on a phone. "My voice sounds strange!" Merve said at first. But listening to their mistakes helps them to improve. After two weeks, Ali could already speak faster. They both hope to speak English well by the end of the year. Practising every week is hard work, but they enjoy learning together.
Other people at Baytek made goals, too. Deniz, from the office kitchen, wants to cook healthier food for the team. He decided to stop using too much sugar, and he plans to add more fruit and vegetables. Ayşe, from the accounting team, hates sitting all day, so she decided to start cycling to work. She enjoys riding her bike in the morning, and she saves money on the bus. Ozan is very shy, and he wants to speak more in meetings. He is afraid of talking in front of people, but he is trying to be brave. "I need to practise," he says. "I don't want to stay quiet all the time." Every person has a different goal, but they all want to grow and to feel better.
At Baytek, people also like sharing their hobbies. On Wednesdays, some workers stay after lunch for a short "hobby hour." It is not a work meeting; it is just for fun. Last week, Selin showed her drawings, and everybody enjoyed looking at them. Merve loves baking, so she brought a cake, and the team enjoyed eating it together. Ali plays the guitar, and he wants to learn one new song each month. He isn't a great player yet, but he keeps practising. "I don't want to be perfect," he says. "I just enjoy playing." These small moments help the team to relax. When people enjoy spending time together, they also work better. Some workers now want to start new hobbies at home, too. Deniz hopes to learn to paint, and Ayşe wants to try photography. They all agree that having a hobby is good for the mind.
Mark, the newest member, wants to become a manager one day. He isn't afraid of trying new things, and he never avoids asking questions. "Making mistakes is normal," he said. "I just keep learning." By the end of January, nobody had finished their goals, but everybody had started.
February came, and the team kept working on their goals. Some days were easy, and some days were hard. Selin sometimes forgot to take her walk, and Mr. Demir sometimes had a long meeting. But nobody wanted to give up. On the goal board, people started to add small stars next to their cards. A star means "I did it today." Slowly, the board filled with stars. The team learned an important lesson this year: finishing a big goal takes time, but starting is the most important step. At Baytek, everybody keeps trying, and everybody keeps learning. And that is the real reason the new year always begins with plans and goals.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct gerund (V-ing) or infinitive (to + V) from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru gerund ya da mastar yapısıyla tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did Selin decide to take a short walk every afternoon?
2. What do Ali and Merve want to improve, and how?
3. What does Mark think about making mistakes?
Metinde and, but, so ve because bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about common fears. (Bir konuşmacı yaygın korkuları anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about fears. You will listen twice. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Korkular hakkında kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Bu ünitede özellikle hobilerini ve planlarını bağlarken şu dört bağlacı kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I enjoy reading and I love painting. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I like cooking, but I hate washing up. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I want to get fit, so I decided to start running. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I hope to learn the guitar because I love music. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I enjoy running. I want to get fit. I hate swimming. I like cycling. | I enjoy running because I want to get fit. I hate swimming, but I like cycling, so I decided to buy a bike. |
Bir "hobiler ve planlar" paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Genel his: boş zamanını nasıl geçirirsin | In my free time, I enjoy doing many things. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Sevdiklerin (V-ing) + sevmediklerin + planların (to + V) | I love reading, but I hate cleaning. This year I want to learn... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Bir hedef / son bir yorum | I hope to have more free time next year. |
Write about the things you like doing and the things you want to do. (Yapmayı sevdiğin şeyleri ve yapmak istediğin şeyleri anlat.) Use gerunds and infinitives.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...