Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bu ünitede iş hayatının en çok kullanılan modal fiilini öğreniyorsun: can. Tek bir küçük kelimeyle iki büyük iş yaparsın: neleri yapabildiğini söylersin (yetenek) ve bir şeyi kibarca istersin (rica / izin). Türkçedeki "-ebilmek" ekinin karşılığıdır: yapabilirim, konuşabilir, gelemem...
İş görüşmesinde, e-postada, toplantıda — becerilerden bahsetmenin ve nazikçe istekte bulunmanın yolu "can"dir. Bu bölümde olumlu, olumsuz, soru formlarını, rica ve izin kalıplarını, derece zarflarını ve en sık yapılan hataları tek tek işleyeceğiz.
Kural son derece basittir ve "be" fiilinden bile kolaydır: can, TÜM öznelerde aynıdır. I, you, he, she, it, we, they — hepsi "can" alır, hiçbir değişiklik olmaz. Can'den sonraki fiil her zaman yalın hâldedir (fiilin sözlükteki hâli): -s, -ing, to eklenmez.
| Özne | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | can + fiil | I can use Excel. | Excel kullanabilirim. |
| You | can + fiil | You can drive very well. | Çok iyi araba kullanabiliyorsun. |
| He / She / It | can + fiil | She can speak three languages. | O üç dil konuşabilir. |
| We | can + fiil | We can start on Monday. | Pazartesi başlayabiliriz. |
| They | can + fiil | They can fix the computers. | Bilgisayarları tamir edebilirler. |
Olumsuz için can'in sonuna not gelir: cannot. Konuşmada ve günlük yazıda neredeyse her zaman kısa form can't kullanılır. Türkçedeki "-eme/-ama" (yapamam, gelemem) anlamını verir.
| Tam form | Kısa form | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| I cannot | I can't | I can't come to the meeting today. | Bugün toplantıya gelemem. |
| He cannot | He can't | He can't give presentations. | O sunum yapamaz. |
| We cannot | We can't | We can't finish the report today. | Raporu bugün bitiremeyiz. |
Soru yapmak için — tıpkı "be" fiilinde olduğu gibi — can öznenin önüne geçer. "Do" veya "does" KULLANILMAZ; can kendi sorusunu kendisi yapar: You can swim. → Can you swim?
| Soru | Olumlu kısa cevap | Olumsuz kısa cevap |
|---|---|---|
| Can you use this program? | Yes, I can. | No, I can't. |
| Can she speak German? | Yes, she can. | No, she can't. |
| Can they come at ten? | Yes, they can. | No, they can't. |
Birinden bir şey yapmasını istemek için Can you...? kullanırız. Daha kibar olmak istediğimizde Could you...? deriz — "could" burada geçmiş zaman değil, naziklik ifadesidir. Cümlenin sonuna please eklemek ricayı daha da yumuşatır.
| Kalıp | Naziklik | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Can you...? | Normal — iş arkadaşları arasında | Can you help me? | Bana yardım edebilir misin? |
| Could you...? | Daha kibar — yönetici, müşteri | Could you send the report, please? | Raporu gönderebilir misiniz lütfen? |
Bir ricaya nasıl cevap verilir?
Rica, karşındakinin bir şey yapmasını istemektir; izin ise SENİN bir şey yapman için onay istemektir. Özne değişir: Can I...? / Could I...? — Could yine daha kibardır.
İzin sorusuna cevaplar:
Bir şeyi yapabildiğini söylemek çoğu zaman yetmez; ne kadar iyi yapabildiğini de söylemek istersin. Bu zarflar cümlenin sonuna gelir:
| Zarf | Anlamı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| very well | çok iyi | He can present very well. | O çok iyi sunum yapabilir. |
| well | iyi | She can drive well. | O iyi araba kullanabilir. |
| a little | biraz | I can speak English a little. | Biraz İngilizce konuşabilirim. |
Türkçe konuşanların "can" ile en sık yaptığı hatalar şunlardır. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| She can speaks English. | She can speak English. | can'den sonra fiil yalın kalır; -s eklenmez. |
| I can to use Excel. | I can use Excel. | can'den sonra "to" gelmez. |
| Do you can drive? | Can you drive? | can kendi sorusunu yapar; do/does kullanılmaz. |
| I don't can come today. | I can't come today. | Olumsuz: can + not = can't. "don't can" yoktur. |
| He cans fix computers. | He can fix computers. | can hiçbir öznede değişmez; "cans" yoktur. |
| Can you please to help me? | Can you help me, please? | please'den sonra "to" gelmez; fiil yalın kalır. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. İki iş arkadaşı yeni bir proje için becerilerini konuşuyor. Koyu yazılan yerlere dikkat ederek iki kez oku; ikinci okumada Türkçesini kapatmayı dene:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences. Use at least 8 of the words above. (En az 8 kelimeyi kullanarak 8 cümle yaz.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Okumaya başlamadan önce şu üç soruyu düşün (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler — gözün bunları arasın): speak · drive · use · translate · fast · well · presentation
Baytek is a company in Istanbul. It is not very big, and it is not very small. About sixty people work here. The office is on the third floor of a tall building. It has many desks, two meeting rooms, and a small kitchen. The people at Baytek make apps and web pages for other companies. They start work at nine o'clock, and they finish at five. They drink a lot of coffee, and they help each other every day. It is a good place to work.
Mr. Demir is the boss. He is fifty years old, and he is a kind man. The workers like him because he is fair and calm. Every morning, he comes to the office early. He says hello to everyone, and then he goes to his office. He reads his emails and drinks his first coffee. But today is a special day, because there is big news for the company.
Baytek has a new project, and Mr. Demir is very excited. The project is for a client from England, so everyone in the project team must speak English. Mr. Demir is in his office. He has a list of names on his desk because he can only choose five people for the team.
The list is long, and there are many good workers at Baytek. But a small team is better for this project. Mr. Demir needs people who can speak English, because the client can't speak Turkish. He also needs different skills. He needs a person for design, a person for code, a person for numbers, and a person for languages. Mr. Demir takes his pen, and he starts to think. This is not an easy job.
First, he thinks about Selin. Selin can design very well. Her posters and web pages are always beautiful. She can also speak a little Spanish. 'Selin is perfect for the team,' Mr. Demir says.
Selin sits near the window. She is thirty years old, and she loves colours. On her desk, there is a big computer and many pens. She can make logos, posters, and web pages. When she works, she often listens to music. Today she is very busy, but she is happy, because she likes her job. She wants to work on the new project.
Ali and Merve are engineers. Ali can write code very fast, but he can't give presentations. He is very shy in front of people. Merve can write code, and she can also give presentations very well. So Merve is the new team leader.
Ali and Merve sit together, and they are good friends. They help each other every day. Ali is a quiet man. He doesn't like big meetings, and he can't speak in front of many people. But he is a very good engineer, and his code is always clean. Merve is different. She is friendly, and she can talk to people very easily. She can explain difficult things in simple words. That is why she is a good leader for the team.
Zeynep is from the finance department. She can use Excel very well, and numbers are never a problem for her. 'Can you check the project budget?' Mr. Demir asks. 'Yes, I can,' she says.
Zeynep works in a small room next to the kitchen. She likes tea, and there is always a cup on her desk. Money and numbers are her job, and she is very good at it. She can read a big report very fast, and she can find every mistake. 'Money is not a problem for me,' she says. 'I can help the team with the budget.'
Mark is from London. He can drive, so he can take the client from the airport. He knows the city very well because he drives to work every day.
Now Mark lives in Istanbul, but his home is in London. He speaks English, and he can speak a little Turkish too. He has a small blue car, and he drives it every day. He knows the streets, the shops, and the best cafes in the city. When there is an important guest, Mark can help. He is a friendly man, and he likes to talk about Istanbul.
Finally, Mr. Demir calls Elif. Elif can speak four languages: Turkish, English, German and French. She can translate all the documents for the client. Now the team is ready, and Mr. Demir is happy. 'We can start on Monday!' he says.
On Monday morning, the team is in the big meeting room. There is coffee and tea on the table, and everyone is ready. Mr. Demir comes in with a big smile. 'Good morning, everybody,' he says. 'Thank you for your help. This is a big project, but we are a good team. Together, we can do it.'
The client is Mr. Smith. He is from England, and he arrives at the airport at ten o'clock in the morning. Mark can go to the airport and take him to the office, because he can drive and he knows the city. At the office, Elif can speak English with Mr. Smith, and she can translate the documents. Selin can show her new design ideas on the big screen.
Everyone in the room has a job. Ali can write the code with Merve, and Merve can give the presentation to the client. Zeynep can check the money and the budget every week. 'We can do this together,' Mr. Demir says. 'When we help each other, the work is easy. One person can't do everything, but a team can.'
The team starts to work. Some people write code on their computers. Some people draw pictures and make web pages. Some people talk on the phone. The office is busy, but it is a happy place. Everyone knows the plan, and everyone knows their job. There are no big problems today.
The first week is good. The team meets every morning at nine o'clock. They talk about the project, and they make a plan for the day. Mr. Smith is happy with the team, and he likes the new design. Selin's web pages are beautiful, and Merve's presentation is clear and simple. 'This is a very good team,' Mr. Smith says. 'You can help my company.'
At the end of the day, Mr. Demir looks at his team, and he smiles. Selin, Ali, Merve, Zeynep, Mark and Elif are all different. They have different skills, and they can do different things. But together, they are strong. Mr. Demir knows one thing very well: a good team can do big things. And this team is ready for the new project.
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Complete the sentences with a word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki bir kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Who can write code AND give presentations very well?
2. What can Elif do for the client?
3. Why is Mr. Demir happy at the end of the text?
Metinde and, but, so ve because bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları öğrenip kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about his trips to different countries. (Bir konuşmacı farklı ülkelere yaptığı gezileri anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about trips to different countries. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your email; your teacher will review it. (E-postanı yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. Bir yazıyı cümle yığınından ayıran şey bağlaçlardır (connectors): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. A1 seviyesinde beş bağlaç öğreniyoruz — bu beşi, yazacağın her metinde işine yarayacak:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I can use Excel and I can fix computers. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I can write code, but I can't present well. |
| or | veya | Seçenek sunar | Can you come at 10 or 11? |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I can't drive, so I come by bus. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I am happy because I can learn new skills. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I can use Excel. I can design. I can't speak German. I want to learn German. | I can use Excel and I can design. I can't speak German, but I want to learn it, because it is important for our clients. |
İş e-postası üç bölümden oluşur. Bu iskelet her e-postada aynıdır — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Açılış (Opening) | Selamlama + e-postanın konusunu söyleyen ilk cümle | Dear Mr. Demir, Thank you for your email about the new project. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Asıl bilgiler: neleri yapabildiğin, neleri yapamadığın, ne öğrenmek istediğin. Bağlaçlarla bağla. | I can use Excel very well, and I can design simple pages. But I can't write code... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Nazik bitiş cümlesi + veda + isim | I am ready to help the team. Best regards, Deniz |
Your manager asks about your skills for a new project. Write a reply email. (Yöneticin yeni proje için becerilerini soruyor; cevap e-postası yaz.)
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...