Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
İş hayatı bir karşılaştırmalar dünyasıdır: hangi ürün daha ucuz, hangi tedarikçi daha güvenilir, hangi departman en büyük? İngilizcede iki şeyi karşılaştırmak için comparative (karşılaştırma), bir grubun içinden en üstünü seçmek için superlative (en üstünlük) yapısı kullanılır:
Kısacası: karşılaştırma (comparative) iki şeyi kıyaslar ve genellikle than ile biter; en üstünlük (superlative) ise bir grup içinden birini seçer ve önünde the bulunur. Bu bölümde kısa sıfatlarda -er + than, uzun sıfatlarda more + sıfat, üstünlükte the -est / the most, ve good→better→best gibi düzensiz biçimleri öğreneceksin.
Tek heceli (kısa) sıfatlarda karşılaştırma çok basittir: sıfatın sonuna -er eklenir ve karşılaştırılan şeyden önce than (-den/-dan) gelir. Özneye göre DEĞİŞMEZ:
| Sıfat | Karşılaştırma | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| cheap | cheaper | Model B is cheaper than Model A. | Model B, Model A'dan daha ucuz. |
| fast | faster | The new computer is faster than the old one. | Yeni bilgisayar eskisinden daha hızlı. |
| small | smaller | My office is smaller than yours. | Benim ofisim seninkinden daha küçük. |
| old | older | Their software is older than ours. | Onların yazılımı bizimkinden daha eski. |
Yazımda üç küçük kural vardır — hepsi bu tabloda:
| Kural | Örnekler |
|---|---|
| Sıfat -e ile bitiyorsa sadece +r | nice → nicer · large → larger · safe → safer |
| Sessiz harf + y ile bitiyorsa: y düşer, -ier | easy → easier · busy → busier · happy → happier |
| Tek heceli, kısa ünlü + sessiz ile bitende son harf ÇİFT yazılır | big → bigger · hot → hotter · thin → thinner |
İki veya daha çok heceli (uzun) sıfatlara -er eklenmez. Bunlarda sıfatın önüne more (daha) gelir ve yine than ile karşılaştırılır: more + sıfat + than.
| Sıfat | Karşılaştırma | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| expensive | more expensive | This phone is more expensive than that one. | Bu telefon şundan daha pahalı. |
| modern | more modern | The new office is more modern than the old one. | Yeni ofis eskisinden daha modern. |
| important | more important | Quality is more important than speed. | Kalite hızdan daha önemli. |
| reliable | more reliable | TechCo is more reliable than FastParts. | TechCo, FastParts'tan daha güvenilir. |
| popular | more popular | Model B is more popular than Model A. | Model B, Model A'dan daha popüler. |
Üç veya daha fazla şeyi karşılaştırıp en üstün olanı seçtiğinde superlative kullanılır. Kısa sıfatta the + -est, uzun sıfatta the most + sıfat. Önündeki the asla düşmez:
| Sıfat | En üstünlük | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| cheap | the cheapest | Model C is the cheapest phone in the shop. | Model C mağazadaki en ucuz telefon. |
| big | the biggest | Sales is the biggest department in the company. | Satış şirketteki en büyük departman. |
| expensive | the most expensive | This is the most expensive laptop in the shop. | Bu mağazadaki en pahalı dizüstü. |
| popular | the most popular | Model B is the most popular product this year. | Model B bu yılın en popüler ürünü. |
İki sıfat kurala hiç uymaz — tamamen değişir. İyi haber: bunlar iş hayatının en sık sıfatları, o yüzden ezberlemeye değer. good ve bad ne -er ne more alır:
| Sıfat | Karşılaştırma | En üstünlük | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| good (iyi) | better | the best | Our service is better than theirs. Baytek is the best company. |
| bad (kötü) | worse | the worst | Monday traffic is worse than Friday. This is the worst month for sales. |
Bu ünitenin en önemli ayrımı: karşılaştırma mı yapıyorsun, en üstünü mü seçiyorsun? Cevap basit — kaç şey var?
Aynı ayrım kısa ve uzun sıfatta da geçerlidir:
| Amaç | Kısa sıfat | Uzun sıfat |
|---|---|---|
| 2 şeyi karşılaştır (comparative) | cheaper than, bigger than | more expensive than |
| En üstünü seç (superlative) | the cheapest, the biggest | the most expensive |
Karşılaştırmada Türkçe konuşanların en sık yaptığı hatalar şunlardır. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| Model B is more cheaper than A. | Model B is cheaper than A. | Kısa sıfatta more + -er birlikte olmaz; sadece -er. |
| This phone is expensiver. | This phone is more expensive. | Uzun sıfat -er almaz; more kullanılır. |
| Our office is bigger from theirs. | Our office is bigger than theirs. | Karşılaştırmada "from/that" değil, than. |
| Sales is the most big department. | Sales is the biggest department. | Kısa sıfat superlatifi: the -est ("most big" değil). |
| Our service is more good. | Our service is better. | good düzensizdir: better ("more good" değil). |
| Model B is more better than A. | Model B is better than A. | "better" zaten karşılaştırma; "more" eklenmez. |
| Baytek is best company in town. | Baytek is the best company in town. | Superlatiften önce "the" düşmez. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Aşağıdaki diyalog kısa sıfatları (-er), uzun sıfatları (more), en üstünlüğü (the best) ve düzensiz biçimleri birlikte kullanıyor — koyu yazılan yerlere dikkat ederek iki kez oku; ikinci okumada Türkçesini kapatmayı dene:
Artık iş yerinde karşılaştırma yapabiliyorsun: hangi ürün daha ucuz, hangi tedarikçi daha güvenilir, hangi departman en büyük. Karşılaştırma, iş İngilizcesinin en çok işine yarayan yapılarından biridir — teklif kıyaslarken, rapor yazarken, öneri sunarken sürekli kullanacaksın. Bu ünitede kısa sıfatlarda -er + than, uzun sıfatlarda more, en üstünlükte the -est / the most ve good/bad'in düzensiz biçimlerini öğrendin. Bunları sağlamlaştır; ilerleyen ünitelerde bu yapıyı daha da genişleteceksin.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the verbs with their past forms, then use them in your own sentences. (Fiilleri geçmiş halleriyle öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences comparing products, departments or companies at work. Use at least 8 of the adjectives above. (Yukarıdaki sıfatlardan en az 8'ini kullanarak iş yerinde ürün, departman ya da şirket karşılaştıran 8 cümle yaz.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
Baytek yeni dizüstü bilgisayarlar almak istiyor. Selin, üç modeli ve iki tedarikçiyi karşılaştırıp yöneticisine bir öneri hazırlıyor. Okumaya başlamadan önce şu üç soruyu düşün (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, bu ünitede öğrendiğin karşılaştırma biçimleri — gözün bunları arasın): cheapest · slowest · fastest · most modern · most expensive · cheaper than · faster than · more important · more reliable · better · best · worse
Selin works at Baytek. Baytek is a software company in a big city. Selin works with her manager, Mr. Demir. She likes her job very much. Baytek has many teams. One team is the design team. The design team makes pictures, logos, and web pages for clients. The team is small, but it is very important for the company. Good design brings more clients, so the team needs good tools.
Last month, Baytek needed new laptops for the design team. Selin's manager, Mr. Demir, asked her to compare three models: Model A, Model B, and Model C.
The design team had a problem. Their old laptops were very slow. The computers were five years old. Every morning, they started slowly. Big files opened slowly too. The designers were not happy. They lost a lot of time every day. Mr. Demir wanted a good plan, so he gave the job to Selin. 'Please look at the market,' he said. 'Find good laptops for the team.' Selin was happy, because she likes numbers and plans.
First, Selin went online. She looked at many shops and many prices. She read reviews from other people. Then she asked the designers some questions. 'What do you need?' she asked. 'We need speed,' they said. 'We need a big screen and a good battery.' Selin wrote all the answers on paper. Now she had good information, and she was ready to compare the models.
Selin made a simple table. Model A was the cheapest, but it was also the slowest. Model C was the fastest and the most modern, but it was the most expensive. Model B was in the middle: it was cheaper than Model C and faster than Model A.
Let's look at the three models. Model A was the cheapest. It cost only six hundred dollars. But it had a slow processor and a small screen. Model C was the most modern. It had a fast processor and a big, bright screen. But it cost one thousand two hundred dollars, and that is a high price. Model B was in the middle. It cost eight hundred and fifty dollars. It was cheaper than Model C, and it was faster than Model A. Its screen was good too.
Selin also looked at other things. Model A was light, but its battery was weak. Model C was heavy, but its battery was strong. Model B was not too heavy and not too light. Its battery was good for a full day. Model A had one year of warranty. Model B and Model C had two years. More warranty is better, because repairs are expensive. Again, Model B was a safe choice.
For the design team, speed is more important than price. A slow computer is bad for a designer, because big design files need a fast machine. So Model A was not a good choice, even with its low price.
A designer works with big files all day. Photos, videos, and web pages are very big. A slow computer opens these files slowly. The designer waits and waits. This is bad for work. A fast computer is better. It saves time, and time is money. So for this team, a fast laptop is more useful than a cheap one. Selin wrote this idea in her notes.
Money was also important. Mr. Demir gave Selin a budget. The team could buy four laptops. Four units of Model C were very expensive, and that plan was over the budget. Four units of Model A were cheap, but the laptops were too slow. Four units of Model B were fine. The price was good, and the quality was good too. So Model B was better for the budget.
Selin also compared two suppliers. TechCo was more expensive than FastParts, but TechCo was much more reliable. Last year, FastParts sent the wrong parts two times, so their service was worse. For Baytek, a reliable supplier is better than a cheap one.
Selin looked at the two suppliers carefully. FastParts was cheaper, and it was near the office. But it had one big problem: its service was not good. Last year, it was often late with delivery. TechCo was different. TechCo was a little more expensive, but it was faster with delivery. A reliable supplier is safer for a big company. A cheap supplier can bring more problems later.
Selin called both suppliers. She asked about delivery and about help. FastParts was slow on the phone. The person was not friendly, and he did not answer all her questions. TechCo was different. The person was kind and clear. He answered quickly, and he sent all the prices by email the same day. Good service is more important than a small discount, so Selin liked TechCo more.
In the meeting, Selin showed her table to the team. Everyone looked at the three models. 'Model C is the best machine,' one designer said, 'but it is too expensive.' 'Model A is cheap,' said another, 'but it is too slow.' 'Model B is the best choice,' said Selin. 'It is fast, modern, and not too expensive.' Everyone agreed. It was a good plan for the team and for the budget.
In the end, Selin chose Model B from TechCo. It was not the cheapest laptop, and it was not the most expensive. It was the best choice for the team: fast enough, modern, and not too expensive.
Selin made her report on Friday. The report was short and clear. First, she compared the three models. Then, she compared the two suppliers. At the end, she gave one idea: Model B from TechCo. She checked the report two times, and then she sent it to Mr. Demir.
Mr. Demir was happy. 'This is the best report this month,' he said. 'Model B is faster than our old computers, and the price is good. Great work, Selin!'
Two weeks later, the new laptops arrived. They came from TechCo, and they came on time. The designers were very happy. The new machines were much faster than the old ones. Big files opened quickly now. The team worked faster and better, and they made more designs every week. The clients were happy too, because the new work was better than before. Mr. Demir smiled. 'Good tools make good work,' he said. He gave Selin a new project for the next month. Selin learned an important lesson: the cheapest thing is not always the best thing. Sometimes the best choice is in the middle, and a good comparison helps you find it.
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Complete the sentences with a word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki bir kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why was Model A not a good choice for the design team?
2. Why did Selin choose TechCo instead of FastParts?
3. Why was Model B the best choice?
Metinde and, but, so ve because bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi karşılaştırmanda kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Mixed questions from Comparatives and other A1 units. (Comparatives + diğer A1 ünitelerinden karışık sorular.)
Bu bölüm bir karışık pekiştirmedir: 20 sorunun ağırlığı bu ünitenin konusu karşılaştırmalarda (comparatives + superlatives), ama aralara önceki ünitelerden de sorular serpiştirildi — was/were, geniş zaman, şimdiki zaman, zamirler, can, there is/are ve bağlaçlar. Böylece hem bu ünite hem de eski bilgin tek yerde test ediliyor. (20 questions: Comparatives + a mix from other A1 units.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir; yanlış cevapta kısa Türkçe açıklama görürsün.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 20 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your report; your teacher will review it. (Raporunu yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Karşılaştırma yazısı, iki seçeneği çeşitli yönlerden kıyaslayıp bağlaçlarla bağlamaktır. A1'de öğrendiğin bağlaçlar karşılaştırmada da aynen çalışır — bu kez comparative cümleleri bağlıyorlar:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek (karşılaştırma) |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | Model B is faster and more modern than Model A. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | Model A is cheaper, but it is slower. |
| or | veya | Seçenek sunar | Is Model A or Model B the better choice? |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | Speed is important, so Model B is the best choice. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | We chose Model B because it is more reliable. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı karşılaştırma ✓ |
|---|---|
| Model A is cheap. Model A is slow. Model B is fast. Model B is expensive. We chose Model B. | Model A is cheaper, but it is slower. Model B is faster and more reliable, so we chose Model B because speed is more important than price. |
Bu kez yöneticine bir rapor yazıyorsun: iki seçeneği kıyasla ve sonunda bir öneri ver:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Açılış (Opening) | Kibar selamlama + raporun konusunu açan ilk cümle | Hi Mr. Demir, Here is my report about the two laptops for the design team. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | İki seçeneği fiyat, hız, güvenilirlik gibi yönlerden karşılaştır (cheaper, faster, more reliable...). Bağlaçlarla bağla. | Model A is cheaper, but it is slower. Model B is faster and more modern, so it is better for our team... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Öneri (the best choice) + kibar veda + isim | In my opinion, Model B is the best choice. Best wishes, Selin |
Write a short report to your manager comparing two laptops (or two suppliers, or two offices) for your team. (Yöneticine, ekibin için iki dizüstüyü — ya da iki tedarikçiyi/iki ofisi — karşılaştıran kısa bir rapor yaz.)
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Tebrikler! Bu ünitede iş yerinde karşılaştırma yapmayı öğrendin: kısa sıfatlarda -er + than, uzun sıfatlarda more, en üstünlükte the -est / the most, ve good/bad'in düzensiz biçimleri (better/best, worse/worst). Artık ürünleri, tedarikçileri ve departmanları kıyaslayabilir, bir öneri sunan kısa bir rapor yazabilirsin.
Bir sonraki ünitede yeni yapılarla İngilizceni genişletmeye devam et. (Keep going to the next unit.)
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...