Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Ünite 10'da geçmişteki durumları anlatmayı öğrendin: "I was tired.", "The meeting was long." Ama was/were sadece durum anlatır — geçmişte ne yaptığını anlatamaz. "Dün raporu bitirdim", "Geçen hafta müşteriyle görüştük", "Sözleşmeyi imzaladık" demek için Past Simple gerekir:
Kısacası: was/were = geçmişteki durum, Past Simple = geçmişteki eylem. Bu ikisi birlikte, geçmişi anlatmanın tamamını oluşturur. Past Simple aynı zamanda A2 seviyesine açılan kapıdır — hikaye anlatmanın, deneyim paylaşmanın temeli budur. Bu bölümde düzenli fiilleri (-ed), en önemli düzensiz fiilleri, didn't ile olumsuzu ve Did ile soruyu öğreneceksin.
Çoğu fiilin geçmiş hali basittir: fiilin sonuna -ed eklenir. Özneye göre DEĞİŞMEZ — I, she, they fark etmez, form aynıdır:
| Fiil | Geçmiş (V2) | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| work | worked | I worked at the office yesterday. | Dün ofiste çalıştım. |
| call | called | She called the customer this morning. | Bu sabah müşteriyi aradı. |
| ask | asked | They asked many questions. | Çok soru sordular. |
| help | helped | My team helped me a lot. | Ekibim bana çok yardım etti. |
Yazımda dört küçük kural vardır — hepsi bu tabloda:
| Kural | Örnekler |
|---|---|
| Fiil -e ile bitiyorsa sadece +d | arrive → arrived · decide → decided |
| Sessiz harf + y ile bitiyorsa: y düşer, -ied | study → studied · try → tried |
| Sesli harf + y ise değişiklik yok, sadece +ed | play → played · stay → stayed |
| Tek heceli, kısa ünlü + sessiz ile bitenlerde son harf ÇİFT yazılır | plan → planned · stop → stopped |
İngilizcenin en sık kullanılan fiilleri kurala uymaz: -ed almazlar, tamamen değişirler. Kötü haber: bunları ezberlemen gerekir. İyi haber: A1'de sadece bu 14 tanesi yeter — ve hepsi iş hayatının en sık fiilleri:
| Fiil | Geçmiş (V2) | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | I went to a meeting at ten. | Onda bir toplantıya gittim. |
| have | had | We had lunch with the client. | Müşteriyle öğle yemeği yedik. |
| make | made | She made a new design. | Yeni bir tasarım yaptı. |
| meet | met | I met the new manager yesterday. | Dün yeni yöneticiyle tanıştım. |
| come | came | He came to the office early. | Ofise erken geldi. |
| see | saw | I saw your email this morning. | E-postanı bu sabah gördüm. |
| send | sent | They sent the report on Friday. | Raporu cuma günü gönderdiler. |
| write | wrote | She wrote three emails. | Üç e-posta yazdı. |
| take | took | I took a taxi to the airport. | Havalimanına taksiyle gittim. |
| get | got | He got his first salary last week. | Geçen hafta ilk maaşını aldı. |
| give | gave | The manager gave me the contract. | Yönetici bana sözleşmeyi verdi. |
| say | said | "Good job," she said. | "İyi iş," dedi. |
| do | did | We did a lot of work yesterday. | Dün çok iş yaptık. |
| buy | bought | They bought new computers. | Yeni bilgisayarlar aldılar. |
Olumsuz için tek yardımcı yeter: didn't (did not). Kural çok nettir: didn't + YALIN fiil. Fiil asla -ed almaz, asla V2 olmaz — çünkü geçmiş anlamını "didn't" zaten taşıyor:
| Olumlu | Olumsuz | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|
| I finished the report. | I didn't finish the report. | Raporu bitirmedim. |
| She called the customer. | She didn't call the customer. | Müşteriyi aramadı. |
| They went to the meeting. | They didn't go to the meeting. | Toplantıya gitmediler. |
| He sent the email. | He didn't send the email. | E-postayı göndermedi. |
Soru için cümlenin başına Did gelir ve fiil yine yalın kalır: You called the customer. → Did you call the customer?
| Soru | Olumlu kısa cevap | Olumsuz kısa cevap |
|---|---|---|
| Did you call the customer? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did she finish the design? | Yes, she did. | No, she didn't. |
| Did they sign the contract? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
| Did the meeting start late? | Yes, it did. | No, it didn't. |
Bu ünitenin en önemli ayrımı: geçmişten bahsederken hangisini seçeceksin? Cevap basit — cümlede eylem var mı, yok mu?
Soru sorarken de aynı mantık geçerlidir — Did mi, Was/Were mü?
| Sorudaki şey | Kullan | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Durum (sıfat, yer, meslek — ana fiil yok) | Was / Were | Was the meeting long? · Were you at the office? |
| Eylem (bir fiil var: start, call, go...) | Did + yalın fiil | Did the meeting start late? · Did you call him? |
Past Simple'da Türkçe konuşanların en sık yaptığı hatalar şunlardır. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I didn't went to the meeting. | I didn't go to the meeting. | didn't'ten sonra fiil yalın kalır. |
| Did you sent the email? | Did you send the email? | Did'den sonra da fiil yalın kalır. |
| He goed home early. | He went home early. | go düzensizdir: went. "-ed" almaz. |
| I did finished the report. | I finished the report. | Olumlu cümlede "did" kullanılmaz; fiil zaten V2 olur. |
| Yesterday I finish the report. | Yesterday I finished the report. | Geçmiş zaman ifadesi (yesterday) varsa fiil V2 olmalı. |
| She maked a design. | She made a design. | make düzensizdir: made. |
| Did you were at the office? | Were you at the office? | Durum sorusunda Was/Were kullanılır; Did ile birleşmez. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Aşağıdaki diyalog düzenli fiilleri, düzensiz fiilleri, didn't'i ve Did sorularını birlikte kullanıyor — koyu yazılan yerlere dikkat ederek iki kez oku; ikinci okumada Türkçesini kapatmayı dene:
Tebrikler — bu, A1 seviyesinin son gramer konusuydu. Artık şimdiki zamanı, geniş zamanı, was/were'ü ve Past Simple'ı biliyorsun; yani İngilizcenin üç ana zaman bölgesinde de cümle kurabiliyorsun. Past Simple'ın derinliği — daha fazla düzensiz fiil, hikaye anlatımı, geçmiş alışkanlıklar — A2'de seni bekliyor. Şimdilik bu ünitedeki 14 düzensiz fiili ve didn't/Did kurallarını sağlamlaştır; A2'ye en güçlü halinle gir.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the verbs with their past forms, then use them in your own sentences. (Fiilleri geçmiş halleriyle öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences. Use at least 8 of the verbs above in their PAST forms. (Yukarıdaki fiillerden en az 8'ini GEÇMİŞ halleriyle kullanarak 8 cümle yaz.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
Selin'i hatırlıyor musun? Ünite 1'de Baytek'teki ilk gününü okumuştun. Aradan bir ay geçti — şimdi Selin ilk ayında ne yaptığını anlatıyor. Okumaya başlamadan önce şu üç soruyu düşün (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Verbs to spot (Metinde geçen, bu ünitede öğrendiğin geçmiş formlar — gözün bunları arasın): started · showed · made · liked · joined · bought · celebrated · got · went · learned
One month ago, Selin started her job at Baytek, a software company in Istanbul. On her first day, she was very nervous, but her team helped her a lot. Now she remembers that month with a big smile.
Selin is twenty-four years old. She is a designer. She lives in Istanbul with her mother, her father, and her little brother. She loves her city. Baytek is not a very big company, but it is a good place to work. About forty people work there. The office is on the fifth floor of a tall building. It has big windows, white desks, and many green plants. On her first day, Selin liked the office very much. Her desk was next to a window, and she could see the street and the sky. 'This is a nice place,' she thought.
On that first morning, Selin arrived early. She was not late. She wore a blue shirt and black shoes. Her manager, Mr. Demir, came to her desk and said, 'Welcome to Baytek, Selin!' Then two colleagues came to say hello. Their names were Mark and Elif. They were very friendly. 'Don't worry,' Elif said with a smile. 'We are all here to help you.' Selin felt calm. The first day was long, but it was a good day. In the evening, she called her mother. 'I like my new job,' she said. 'The people are very kind.'
In the first week, Mark showed her the office and Elif taught her the phone system. Everything was new, so Selin asked many questions, and her colleagues answered them all.
Selin learned many new things in the first week. She learned the names of all her colleagues. She learned the coffee machine and the printer too. Every morning, she made a coffee and started work at nine o'clock. She read her emails first. Then she opened her design programs. At lunch, she ate with her team in the kitchen. They talked about work, about films, and about football. Selin laughed a lot. After only one week, she did not feel like a stranger. She felt like a real part of the team.
Selin also met other people at Baytek. There was Deniz, a funny man from the sales team. There was Aylin, a quiet woman who made the best coffee. Everyone was busy, but everyone was friendly. On Friday of the first week, the team had a small lunch together. They welcomed Selin with a cake. 'Now you are one of us,' Mark said. Selin was very happy. She did not know these people two weeks before, but now they were her friends.
In the second week, Selin made her first design for a customer. She worked on it for three days. Mr. Demir liked it very much. 'This is excellent work,' he said.
The first design was for a small shop in Izmir. The shop wanted a new logo. Selin drew many ideas on paper first. She used a pencil and a ruler. Then she made the logo on her computer. She did not finish it quickly. She worked on it slowly and carefully. She changed the colours many times. Mark helped her with some ideas. When Mr. Demir saw the final design, he smiled and said his kind words. Selin was very proud. It was her first real work for a real customer, and it was good.
In the third week, Selin joined a meeting with a customer from England, Mrs. Collins. Selin spoke very little at the meeting because she was excited. But at the end, there was great news: Mrs. Collins bought the design! Everyone celebrated after the meeting with coffee and cake.
The meeting started at ten o'clock. Mrs. Collins came from London. She was a tall woman with short hair, and she was very kind. Mark and Elif were in the meeting too. They talked about the design and the price. Selin listened and took notes. She did not say many words, but she understood everything. At the end, Mrs. Collins looked at Selin and said, 'I love your design.' Selin was so happy. After the meeting, Mr. Demir said, 'Good job, Selin!' It was a very special day, and Selin did not forget it.
Last Friday, Selin got her first salary. She was very happy, so she went to a shopping centre and bought small presents for her family. At the weekend, they celebrated together at home.
At the shopping centre, Selin bought a book for her father and a warm scarf for her mother. She bought a small toy car for her little brother too. Her family was very happy with the presents. On Saturday, they had a big dinner at home. Selin's mother made her favourite food. They ate, they talked, and they laughed for hours. 'We are very proud of you,' her father said. Selin smiled. One month ago, she was a nervous new worker. Now she had a job, a salary, and many good stories to tell.
Selin also thought about her English. At Baytek, some customers came from other countries. Selin wanted to speak better English. So every evening, she studied for thirty minutes. She learned new words and practised past simple sentences. 'Yesterday I made a design. Last week I joined a meeting,' she said to herself. Little by little, her English got better. Now she was not afraid of English meetings. This was another good change in her first month.
'I learned a lot in one month,' Selin says. 'On my first day, I didn't know anything about the job. I didn't understand the phone system, and I didn't know my colleagues. Now I have new skills and new friends. I am ready for month two!'
Now Selin comes to work with a smile every day. She is not the new person anymore. She helps other people in the office. Last week, a new colleague started at Baytek. His name is Can. He was very nervous on his first day, like Selin one month before. So Selin showed him the office, and she taught him the phone system. 'Don't worry, Can,' she said. 'The first month is not always easy, but it is wonderful. Ask many questions. We are all here to help you.' Selin remembered her own first day, and she was very happy to help a new friend.
Selin knows the road is long. There is a lot more to learn. But she is not afraid now. Every day she learns something new, and every day she feels stronger. 'Month one was wonderful,' she thinks. 'Month two will be even better.' And with a big smile, she opens her computer and starts a new day at Baytek.
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Complete the sentences with a word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki bir kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. What did Selin's colleagues do in her first week?
2. What was the great news at the meeting with Mrs. Collins?
3. What did Selin do with her first salary?
Metinde and, but, so ve because bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi geçmiş anlatında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Mixed questions from Past Simple and ALL A1 units. (Past Simple + tüm A1 ünitelerinden karışık sorular.)
Bu bölüm A1'in final pekiştirmesidir: 20 sorunun ağırlığı bu ünitenin konusu Past Simple'da, ama aralara önceki ünitelerden de sorular serpiştirildi — was/were, geniş zaman, şimdiki zaman, zamirler, can, there is/are, some/any ve bağlaçlar. Böylece A2'ye geçmeden önce tüm A1 bilgin tek yerde test ediliyor. (20 questions: Past Simple + a mix from all A1 units.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir; yanlış cevapta kısa Türkçe açıklama görürsün.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 20 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your email; your teacher will review it. (E-postanı yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Geçmiş anlatısı, cümleleri zamana göre dizip bağlaçlarla bağlamaktır. A1'de öğrendiğin beş bağlaç geçmiş anlatıda da aynen çalışır — bu kez Past Simple cümleleri bağlıyorlar:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek (geçmiş anlatı) |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I finished the report and sent it to my manager. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I was tired, but I finished the design. |
| or | veya | Seçenek sunar | Did you go by bus or by train? |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I was new, so I asked many questions. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | We celebrated because we won the project. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı anlatı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I started my job. I was nervous. My colleagues helped me. I learned a lot. I am happy. | I started my job last month and I was very nervous. But my colleagues helped me, so I learned a lot. Now I am happy because they are my friends. |
Bu kez ekibe değil, bir arkadaşına yazıyorsun — yapı aynıdır ama ton samimidir:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Açılış (Opening) | Samimi selamlama + hal hatır + konuyu açan ilk cümle | Hi Ali, How are you? I finished my first month at my new job! |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Geçmiş anlatı: ilk gün nasıldı (was/were), sonra ne yaptın (Past Simple). Zaman ifadeleri + bağlaçlarla bağla. | On my first day, I was nervous. But my colleagues helped me, and in the second week I started a big project... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Samimi bitiş cümlesi + veda + isim | Visit me soon! Best wishes, Selin |
Write an email to a friend about your first month at your job. (Bir arkadaşına işteki ilk ayını anlatan bir e-posta yaz.)
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Tebrikler! Genel İngilizce A1'in on bir ünitesinin tamamını bitirdin. İlk ünitede "I am Deniz" demeyi öğreniyordun; şimdi kendini tanıtıyor, ekibini ve ofisini anlatıyor, günlük rutinini ve yeteneklerini söylüyor, telefonda konuşuyor, restoranda sipariş veriyor, zamirlerle doğru cümleler kuruyor ve geçmişte ne yaptığını anlatıyorsun — on bir ünitede sıfırdan tam bir A1 seviyesine geldin.
A2 seviye kilidini açmak için seviye sonu sınavı yakında burada olacak. (The A1 exit exam is coming soon.)
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...