Geçmiş zaman ifadeleri, soru ve olumsuz. Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şu ana kadar hep "şimdi"den bahsettin: I am busy. The office is big. Bu ünitede ilk kez geçmişten bahsedeceksin — ve bunun ilk kapısı yine "be" fiilidir. İyi haber şu: Ünite 1'de "be"yi öğrendiysen, geçmiş hâli neredeyse bedava. Kural birebir eşleşir: am / is → was, are → were. Hepsi bu.
Türkçede geçmişi -di ekiyle veririz: meşguldüm, ofisteydik, uzundu. İngilizcede yine ek yoktur; "be" fiilinin geçmiş formları olan was ve were kullanılır. Bu bölümde eşleme tablosunu, olumsuzunu, sorusunu, "there was / there were" yapısını ve geçmiş zaman ifadelerini tek tek işleyeceğiz.
Yeni bir kural ezberlemene gerek yok — Ünite 1'deki tabloyu bir adım geçmişe kaydır. I / he / she / it → was, you / we / they → were. "be"nin şimdiki hâlinde üç form vardı (am/is/are); geçmişte yalnızca iki form var:
| Özne | Şimdi | Geçmiş | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | am | was | I was at the office at eight. | Sekizde ofisteydim. |
| he | is | was | He was in a meeting all morning. | Bütün sabah toplantıdaydı. |
| she | is | was | She was our first customer. | O bizim ilk müşterimizdi. |
| it | is | was | The meeting was long. | Toplantı uzundu. |
| you | are | were | You were late this morning. | Bu sabah geç kaldın. |
| we | are | were | We were at the office until seven. | Yediye kadar ofisteydik. |
| they | are | were | They were very busy last week. | Geçen hafta çok meşguldüler. |
Olumsuz yapmak için yine not ekleriz: was not / were not. Konuşmada neredeyse her zaman kısa form kullanılır: wasn't / weren't.
| Tam form | Kısa form | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / He / She / It was not | wasn't | He wasn't at work yesterday. | Dün işte değildi. |
| You / We / They were not | weren't | They weren't happy with the report. | Rapordan memnun değillerdi. |
Soru kuralı da Ünite 1'den tanıdık: be fiili öznenin önüne geçer. The meeting was useful. → Was the meeting useful?
| Soru | Olumlu kısa cevap | Olumsuz kısa cevap |
|---|---|---|
| Was the meeting useful? | Yes, it was. | No, it wasn't. |
| Was she at the office? | Yes, she was. | No, she wasn't. |
| Were you at the presentation? | Yes, I was. | No, I wasn't. |
| Were they happy with the result? | Yes, they were. | No, they weren't. |
Ünite 5'te "there is / there are" (var) yapısını öğrenmiştin. Geçmişte "vardı" demek için aynı yapının geçmişini kullanırız: tekil için there was, çoğul için there were.
| Şimdi (Ünite 5) | Geçmiş (bu ünite) | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|
| There is a problem. | There was a problem with the printer. | Yazıcıyla ilgili bir sorun vardı. |
| There are two guests. | There were two guests at the office. | Ofiste iki misafir vardı. |
| There isn't a meeting. | There wasn't a meeting on Friday. | Cuma günü toplantı yoktu. |
| There aren't any emails. | There weren't any emails this morning. | Bu sabah hiç e-posta yoktu. |
was/were'ü çoğu zaman bir zaman ifadesiyle birlikte kullanırız — dinleyene "ne zaman"ı söyler. A1'de en çok kullanacakların şunlar:
| İfade | Türkçesi | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | dün | I was at home yesterday. |
| last week / month / year | geçen hafta / ay / yıl | We were very busy last week. |
| two days ago | iki gün önce | The meeting was two days ago. |
| in 2020 | 2020'de | She was a student in 2020. |
| this morning | bu sabah | He was late this morning. |
was'ın en işlevsel kalıplarından biri: I was born in ... (… doğdum). Doğum yılı ve doğum yeri söylerken kullanılır — tanışma sohbetlerinin klasik cümlesidir ve her zaman was/were ile kurulur:
Türkçe konuşanların was/were ile en sık yaptığı hatalar şunlardır. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I were busy yesterday. | I was busy yesterday. | I → was. (were yalnızca you/we/they ile.) |
| She were't happy. | She wasn't happy. | she → wasn't. "were't" diye bir form yoktur; olumsuzlar yalnızca wasn't / weren't. |
| Did you were at the office? | Were you at the office? | be sorusunda "did" kullanılmaz; was/were öznenin önüne geçer. |
| There was two people. | There were two people. | Çoğul isim → were. |
| I am at the meeting yesterday. | I was at the meeting yesterday. | "yesterday" geçmiştir; am/is/are değil was/were kullanılır. |
| before two days | two days ago | "… önce" için süre + ago kullanılır; "before" bu şekilde kullanılmaz. |
| Yes, I were. | Yes, I was. | Kısa cevapta da özne kuralı geçerli: I → was. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Pazartesi sabahı iki iş arkadaşı hafta sonunu ve geçen haftaki toplantıyı konuşuyor. Koyu yazılan yerlere dikkat ederek iki kez oku; ikinci okumada Türkçesini kapatmayı dene:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about the past. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Geçmişle ilgili 8 cümle yaz. En az 8 kelimeyi kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Okumaya başlamadan önce şu üç soruyu düşün (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler — gözün bunları arasın): difficult · problem · ready · successful · easy... ve zaman ifadeleri: in 2015, the first year, after, today
Today, Baytek is a big software company in Istanbul, but in 2015 it was very small. The office was one room in an old building, and there were only three employees: Mr. Demir and two engineers, Ali and Emre.
Mr. Demir is the boss of Baytek. He is a kind man, and he loves computers. Before Baytek, he was a teacher at a school. He was a good teacher, but he wanted a new job. So in 2015 he opened Baytek. It was his dream, and he was very happy on the first day.
Ali and Emre are engineers. They write computer programs. Ali is tall, and he likes tea. Emre is short, and he likes coffee. They are good friends. Every day, they come to the office early. They work hard, and they smile a lot. Mr. Demir is happy with his small team.
What is Baytek? Baytek is a software company. Software is computer programs. The team at Baytek makes apps, websites, and programs. Many companies use these programs every day. For example, a bank uses a program for money, and a shop uses a website for customers. Software is very important today.
The first year was difficult because there were not many customers. The phone was often silent, and money was a big problem. Some weeks, the team was at the office from eight in the morning to ten at night. The work was hard, but the small office was always warm and friendly.
In the small office, there were two old computers and one small table. The chairs were not new, and one window was very small. The room was often dark. But the team was happy. Every morning, Ali made tea for everyone. They drank tea, and they talked about the work.
The team worked on small projects. They made simple websites for small shops. The money was not much, but it was good practice. Every day, they learned something new. Mr. Demir helped Ali and Emre, and they helped him too. They were a real team.
But Mr. Demir was not sad. 'Every big company was small at the start,' he said. The team was young and ready for hard work, so they were hopeful.
On some days, there was no work. The phone did not ring, and the office was quiet. On these days, the team read books about computers. They watched videos, and they practised new skills. Mr. Demir said, 'We are not busy today, but we can learn.' For the team, learning was very important.
Then, in 2016, there was good news: the first big customer was a bank in Ankara. The project was long and difficult, but the result was successful. The customer was very happy with the solution. After that project, everything was different.
After the bank project, more customers came to Baytek. A shop in Izmir wanted a website. A school wanted a new program. A small hospital wanted an app. The team was very busy now. There was a lot of work, and everyone was happy.
Baytek needed more people. So Mr. Demir found new engineers. In 2017, two new people came: a woman named Ayse and a man named Can. Ayse was a designer, and Can was a programmer. Now there were five people in the team, and the small room was full.
Ayse and Can were happy at Baytek. Ayse made beautiful pictures for the websites. Her colours were bright and nice. Can wrote fast programs, and he fixed many problems. He was quiet, but he was very clever. The customers liked their work, and the team liked them too.
Baytek has a simple logo. It is a blue letter 'B' with a small star. Mr. Demir made the logo in 2015 on his old computer. It was not perfect, but he loved it. Today, the same blue 'B' is on the new building, on the website, and on every program.
In 2018, there were twenty people at Baytek, and the office was a new building with a garden. There was a big kitchen and a modern meeting room. The old problems were history.
The new office was bright and big. There were many windows, and the rooms were warm. In the garden, there were trees and flowers. At lunch time, the team ate together in the big kitchen. They talked, they laughed, and they were happy.
Now, a normal day at Baytek is busy. In the morning, the team has a short meeting. They talk about the work for the day. Then they go to their computers. At lunch, they eat together. In the afternoon, they write code and they test programs. At six o'clock, they go home.
Mr. Demir is always the first person at the office. He comes at seven o'clock. He makes coffee, and he reads his emails. He walks around the office, and he says 'Good morning' to everyone. He is a busy man, but he is never too busy for his team.
The customers of Baytek are happy. They call, and they say, 'Thank you, the program is very good.' Some customers come back with new projects. Happy customers tell their friends about Baytek. This is very good for the company. Good work brings more work.
Every year, more people came to Baytek. There were engineers, designers, and managers. Some were young, and some were old. They came from many cities in Turkey. But they all worked together like one big team.
Today, there are one hundred employees. But for Mr. Demir, the best year was the first year. 'We were poor and the work was hard,' he says, 'but everyone was a family.'
Now, Baytek is famous in Istanbul. It has big customers and modern computers. But Mr. Demir does not forget the first year. On his desk, there is an old photo. In the photo, there are three people in a small dark room. They are Mr. Demir, Ali, and Emre. They look tired, but they are happy.
Ali and Emre are still at Baytek today. They are managers now. They have their own teams, and they teach the new engineers. Ali always says, 'I remember the first year. It was hard, but it was good.' Emre says the same. For them, Baytek is not only a job. It is home.
Every new employee hears the story of the first year. Mr. Demir tells them, 'Money is important, but people are more important. Work hard, help your friends, and be kind.' This is the Baytek way. And this is why, for Mr. Demir, the first year was the best year of all.
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Complete the sentences with a word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki bir kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Was Mr. Demir sad in the first year? Why / why not?
2. What happened in 2016?
3. Why was the first year the best year for Mr. Demir?
Metinde and, but, so ve because bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları geçen haftayı anlatırken kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Mixed drill: was/were + Units 1-9. (Karışık alıştırma: was/were + Ünite 1-9.)
This is a mixed practice set: 20 questions. Most questions are about was/were (this unit), and the rest review Units 1-9: am/is/are, pronouns, Present Simple, can, connectors and some/any. Every question gives instant feedback. (Karışık pekiştirme seti: 20 soru. Soruların çoğu bu ünitenin konusu olan was/were; kalanı Ünite 1-9 tekrarı. Her soru anında değerlendirilir.)
Write and submit your email; your teacher will review it. (E-postanı yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bağlaçları (connectors) önceki ünitelerden tanıyorsun. Bu ünitede aynı beş bağlacı geçmiş cümlelerinde kullanacaksın — geçen haftayı anlatırken cümlelerini kopuk kopuk bırakma, bağla:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Geçmiş örneği |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | The meeting was long and the room was hot. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | The project was difficult, but the result was successful. |
| or | veya | Seçenek sunar | Was the meeting on Monday or Tuesday? |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | Two colleagues were absent, so the meeting was short. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I was tired because the week was very busy. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I was in Ankara. The meetings were long. They were successful. The customer was happy. | I was in Ankara and the meetings were long, but they were successful, so the customer was happy. |
Bir özet e-postası da üç bölümden oluşur. Bu iskelet her e-postada aynıdır — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Açılış (Opening) | Selamlama + amacı söyleyen ilk cümle | Dear Mr. Kaya, Here is a short summary of my last week. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Asıl bilgiler: neredeydin, toplantılar nasıldı, ne iyiydi ne zordu. was/were + bağlaçlarla bağla. | On Monday, I was at the Ankara office. The meetings were long, but they were successful... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Kısa genel değerlendirme + veda + isim | It was a busy week, but I am happy with the results. Best regards, Deniz |
Write an email to your manager about last week. (Yöneticine geçen haftayı özetleyen bir e-posta yaz — neredeydin, toplantılar nasıldı, ne iyiydi ne zordu.)
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...