Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Ünite 8'de Present Perfect ile hayat deneyimlerini konuştun (Have you ever...?, I have never...). Now we use the same tense for a different idea: duration (süre). Bir durum geçmişte başladı ve hâlâ devam ediyor — işte bunu Present Perfect ile, çoğu zaman for ve since kelimeleriyle anlatırız.
Dikkat: Türkçede bu cümleleri geniş zamanla ("yaşıyorum", "çalışıyor") çeviririz, ama İngilizcede Present Perfect gerekir. Bu bölümde önce yapıyı hatırlayacağız, sonra for ile since arasındaki farkı ve Present Perfect ile Past Simple arasındaki kritik farkı netleştireceğiz.
Present Perfect'in yapısı Ünite 8'deki gibidir, so this is just a quick bridge. have / has + fiilin 3. hâli (past participle, V3).
| Özne | Yardımcı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have (+V3) | I have played here for a year. | Bir yıldır burada oynuyorum. |
| he / she / it | has (+V3) | She has been here since May. | Mayıs'tan beri burada. |
Bir süre anlatırken hangisini seçeceğini tek soru belirler: elimdeki bilgi bir uzunluk mu, yoksa bir başlangıç noktası mı? for uzunluk ister, since başlangıç ister.
| Kelime | Ne ile kullanılır? | Anlamı | Örnekler |
|---|---|---|---|
| for | bir süre / uzunluk (a period) | ... boyunca / ...dır | for two years · for a week · for ten minutes · for a long time |
| since | bir başlangıç noktası (a point in time) | ... -den beri | since 2019 · since Monday · since May · since I was a child |
Aynı gerçeği iki şekilde söyleyebilirsin:
Süreyi sormak için How long ile başlarız, sonra Present Perfect gelir. Cevapta for veya since kullanırsın.
| Soru | Cevap (for) | Cevap (since) |
|---|---|---|
| How long have you lived here? | For five years. | Since 2020. |
| How long has she played there? | For six years. | Since she was ten. |
Bu, ünitenin en kritik konusu. İki zaman da geçmişten bahseder ama çok farklı şeyler söyler. Fark tek kelimede: durum hâlâ sürüyor mu, yoksa bitti mi?
| Present Perfect (sürüyor) | Past Simple (bitti) | |
|---|---|---|
| Durum | Geçmişte başladı, hâlâ devam ediyor | Geçmişte oldu ve bitti |
| Zaman kelimesi | Belirli geçmiş zaman YOK (for/since var) | Belirli geçmiş zaman VAR (yesterday, in 2019, ago, last...) |
| Örnek | I have lived in Izmir for ten years. (hâlâ orada) | I lived in Izmir for ten years. (artık orada değil) |
| Örnek | She has studied French since 2019. | She studied French in 2019. (o zaman) |
Türkçe konuşanların bu konuda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I live here since 2019. | I have lived here since 2019. | Süre için Present Perfect gerekir. |
| She has played here since two years. | She has played here for two years. | rakam + süre → for (since değil). |
| We have known him for 2015. | We have known him since 2015. | tarih → since (for değil). |
| I have seen her last week. | I saw her last week. | "last week" belirli geçmiş → Past Simple. |
| How long do you live here? | How long have you lived here? | How long süre sorar → Present Perfect. |
| He has here since Monday. | He has been here since Monday. | V3 unutulmuş: be → been. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two classmates meet on the first day of school. Koyu yazılan yapıları (Present Perfect, for/since, Past Simple) inceleyerek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to talk about how long you have done things. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra bir şeyi ne kadar süredir yaptığını anlatmak için kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about how long you have done things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Bir şeyleri ne kadar süredir yaptığın hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): for · since · teammate · captain · practise · join · skill · experience · recently
Elif has played basketball for six years. She joined the school team in 2019, just after she started at a new secondary school. In her first year, she mostly sat on the bench, but she didn't stay there for long, because her coach quickly saw her skills. She practised hard every day.
When Elif was younger, she was not sure about basketball. She tried tennis for a short time, and she also played volleyball at her old primary school, but she did not enjoy them very much. Her older brother has loved basketball for many years, and he often took her to the gym on Saturdays. Little by little, Elif started to love the game too. In the beginning, she could not shoot well, and she felt nervous in front of the other students. She practised her shots for hours after class, and slowly her skills got better. 'I have improved a lot since those first weeks,' she says with a laugh.
Since 2021, Elif has been the team captain. She has played in many big games, and she has learned a lot of new skills. Last spring, she won a very difficult tournament against a strong school in Ankara, and everyone was very proud of her.
The team practises together three times a week, and Elif has been at almost every practice since she joined. On match days, the players arrive early and warm up as a group. Elif knows that a good team needs more than one strong player. 'Basketball is not only about scoring points,' she says. 'It is about trust. We have helped each other for years, both on and off the court.' Her teammates come from different classes and different parts of the city, but they have become very close friends. After a hard game, they often eat pizza together and talk about the match for hours.
'I have known my teammates for a long time,' Elif says. 'We have played together since the beginning, so we are like a family. We lost some hard games in the past, but we always helped each other, and now we trust each other completely.'
Basketball is not Elif's only interest. She has kept a small notebook of match plans since 2022, and she draws simple pictures of new moves in it. She has also been a member of the school art club for two years, because she loves drawing in her free time. In the past, she took piano lessons for three years, but she stopped when she got too busy with school and sport. 'I did not have enough time for everything,' she explains. These days, she reads books about famous players, and she has watched many games on television to learn new ideas. Learning, for Elif, has never stopped.
Elif has changed a lot since her first day. Six years ago, she was a shy new student with little experience. Now she is a confident captain, and she has not thought about leaving the team. Her younger teammates have often asked her for advice, because she has learned so much about the game over the years.
As captain, Elif has many jobs. Before each game, she talks to the younger players and helps them stay calm. She remembers her own first year very well, so she is always kind and patient. 'I was so nervous on my first day,' she tells them, 'but everyone helped me, and now it is my turn to help you.' During the week, she also helps the coach plan the practices. Some days are long and tiring, and she has to finish her homework late at night. Still, she has never regretted her choice. For Elif, the team is worth every busy afternoon and every early morning.
Recently, the coach made Elif the captain of the city team too. 'I have wanted this for years,' she says with a big smile. 'This team has been my second home since 2019. When I started, I only hoped to play for a year or two, but I have found a real passion here.'
Elif knows that her school years will not last forever. Next year she will be in her final year, and after that she hopes to study sports science at university. She would like to become a coach one day and help other young people fall in love with the game, just as her brother helped her. 'I have learned that hard work is more important than talent,' she says. 'When I started, I was not the best player, but I never gave up.' For now, though, Elif is happy. She has her team, her friends, and a sport she loves, and that is enough. Every week, she still learns something new, and every game gives her another happy memory. She often says that basketball has given her a second family, and she is very grateful for it.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with has, been, for or since from the text. (Cümleleri metinden has / been / for / since ile tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. How long has Elif played on the team, and when did she join?
2. Why does Elif say her team is 'like a family'?
3. How has Elif changed since her first day?
Metinde and, but, so, because ve when bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about road trips in the US. (Bir konuşmacı ABD'de araba yolculuklarını anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about road trips. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bu ünitede uzun süredir devam eden bir şeyi (bir hobi ya da bir spor) anlatacaksın. İki dil aracı işini görecek: for / since (süre) ve Present Perfect vs Past Simple farkı. Süren şey için Present Perfect, bitmiş bir olay için Past Simple kullan.
| Ne anlatıyorsun? | Hangi zaman? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Hâlâ süren durum (kaç yıldır) | Present Perfect + for/since | I have played the guitar for five years. |
| Ne zaman / nasıl başladı (bitmiş) | Past Simple + belirli zaman | I started when I was twelve. |
| Şimdiye kadar neler yaptın | Present Perfect | I have learned many songs. |
Bir "ne kadar süredir" paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Ne olduğu + ne kadar süredir (for/since) | I have played the guitar for five years. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Nasıl/ne zaman başladın (Past Simple) + şimdiye kadar neler yaptın (Present Perfect) | I started when I was twelve, and I have learned a lot since then. |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Bugün nasıl hissettiğin / genel değerlendirme | I haven't stopped, because it makes me happy. |
Write about a hobby or a sport you have done for a long time. (Uzun zamandır yaptığın bir hobiyi ya da sporu anlat.) Use the Present Perfect with for / since.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...