Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
İngilizcede çoğu zaman bir cümlede tek bir fiil vardır. But very often we want to put two verbs together: "I like ...", "I want ..." ne? Bir eylem! İşte o zaman ikinci fiil değişir. Türkçede "yüzmeyi severim" ya da "gitmek istiyorum" deriz; İngilizcede de ikinci fiil ya -ing alır (gerund) ya da başına to gelir (infinitive).
Bu ünitede iki soruya cevap vereceğiz: (1) İkinci fiil ne zaman -ing olur? (2) Ne zaman to alır? İyi haber: bu, hangi ilk fiili kullandığına bağlıdır. So you learn a few verbs with -ing and a few verbs with to, and then it becomes easy.
Bir fiile -ing eklediğimizde ona gerund deriz. A gerund is a verb that works like a noun (isim gibi davranan fiil). "swim" bir eylemdir; "swimming" ise "yüzme / yüzmek" gibi bir isimdir. Bazı fiillerden sonra ikinci fiil her zaman gerund olur.
Aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra ikinci fiil -ing alır. Bunlar genelde bir eylemden hoşlanma / hoşlanmama ya da bir eylemi bitirme anlamı taşır. Listeyi ezberle — cümlelerin çoğu bu fiillerle döner:
| Fiil | Anlamı | Örnek (+ V-ing) | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| enjoy | keyif almak | I enjoy cooking. | Yemek yapmaktan keyif alırım. |
| like | sevmek | She likes reading. | O okumayı sever. |
| love | bayılmak | We love travelling. | Seyahat etmeye bayılırız. |
| hate | nefret etmek | He hates waiting. | Beklemekten nefret eder. |
| finish | bitirmek | I finished writing my essay. | Kompozisyonu yazmayı bitirdim. |
| mind | sakınca görmek | I don't mind helping at home. | Evde yardım etmekte sakınca görmem. |
| stop | durdurmak / bırakmak | Please stop talking. | Lütfen konuşmayı bırak. |
| avoid | kaçınmak | She avoids eating late. | Geç yemek yemekten kaçınır. |
| practise | pratik yapmak | We practise speaking English. | İngilizce konuşma pratiği yaparız. |
Aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra ise ikinci fiil başına to alır (infinitive). Bunlar genelde bir istek, plan, karar ya da ihtiyaç anlatır. Yani gelecekle, niyetle ilgilidir:
| Fiil | Anlamı | Örnek (+ to + V) | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| want | istemek | I want to learn Spanish. | İspanyolca öğrenmek istiyorum. |
| need | ihtiyaç duymak | She needs to rest. | Dinlenmeye ihtiyacı var. |
| decide | karar vermek | We decided to move. | Taşınmaya karar verdik. |
| hope | ummak | He hopes to pass the exam. | Sınavı geçmeyi umuyor. |
| would like | istemek (kibar) | I would like to help. | Yardım etmek isterim. |
| plan | planlamak | They plan to travel. | Seyahat etmeyi planlıyorlar. |
| learn | öğrenmek | I learned to swim. | Yüzmeyi öğrendim. |
| try | denemek / çalışmak | Try to relax. | Rahatlamaya çalış. |
Bir sürpriz: like, love, hate fiilleri iki şekilde de kullanılabilir — hem -ing hem to. Anlam neredeyse aynıdır, bu yüzden A2 seviyesinde ikisi de doğrudur:
Küçük bir nüans: like + -ing genelde "o eylemden zevk almak" (hobi) anlamındadır; like + to ise bazen "iyi/doğru olduğu için tercih etmek" anlamı taşır. A2'de bunu bilmen yeterli:
Türkçe konuşanların gerund/infinitive konusunda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I enjoy to read. | I enjoy reading. | enjoy her zaman -ing ister. |
| She wants going home. | She wants to go home. | want her zaman to + fiil ister. |
| We finished to eat. | We finished eating. | finish her zaman -ing ister. |
| I need buying milk. | I need to buy milk. | need her zaman to + fiil ister. |
| He decided going. | He decided to go. | decide her zaman to + fiil ister. |
| I want to going out. | I want to go out. | to'dan sonra yalın fiil (going değil). |
| Would you like coming? | Would you like to come? | would like her zaman to ister. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about their free time and plans. Koyu yazılan gerund (V-ing) ve infinitive (to + V) yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then talk about what you like and want to do. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra neleri sevdiğini ve yapmak istediğini anlat.)
Write 8 sentences about your free time, hobbies and plans. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Boş zamanın, hobilerin ve planların hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): enjoy · hate · finish · want · need · decide · hope · avoid · practise · prefer
At Newton College, every new year starts with plans and goals. This January, the class decided to try something different. Everybody wrote down one thing they wanted to learn and one habit they hoped to change.
Newton College is not a big school, but the students are friendly. Most of them are thirteen or fourteen years old, and they come from the same small town. Their classroom is on the second floor, next to the library. On the wall, there is a big colourful poster. The students call it "the goal wall". Every January, they write their plans on small cards and stick them on this wall. When they finish a goal, they draw a happy face next to it. The teacher likes this idea because it helps everyone remember their dreams.
On the first Monday of January, the class was noisy and excited. Some students wanted to talk about the winter holiday, and others wanted to start their new plans at once. Mr. Demir smiled and said, "Let's begin. This year is a new chance for all of us." Then he asked everybody to think quietly for five minutes. He said good goals are not about being perfect; they are about trying a little every day.
Selin enjoys drawing, so she wants to learn a new art app this year. She doesn't like sitting at her desk all day, so she also decided to take a short walk after every lesson. "I need to move more," she said, "and I love spending time outside."
Selin's best friend is Deniz. Deniz loves music and hopes to learn the guitar this year. The two girls decided to help each other. Selin will draw the covers for Deniz's songs, and Deniz will teach Selin some easy chords. On weekends, they often meet at the park near Selin's house. They enjoy walking, talking, and taking photos of the trees and the sky. Selin says fresh air gives her new ideas for her drawings, and she doesn't mind walking in the cold.
Their teacher, Mr. Demir, hates wasting time in long lessons. He hopes to finish every lesson on time, because students stop listening after that. He also wants to start reading one book with the class each month.
When Mr. Demir talked about reading one book each month, some students were worried. "Reading is boring," said one boy at the back. But the teacher had a plan. He chose short, exciting stories about adventure, sport, and friendship. He also promised not to give too much homework. After two weeks, even the boy at the back began to enjoy reading. He finished his first book quickly and asked for another one. "I never thought I could like books," he said with a big smile.
Ali and Merve prefer studying together. They enjoy solving problems as a team, but they need to improve their English. They decided to practise speaking every Friday. At first they didn't like recording their voices, but now they don't mind it.
Ali and Merve are not only good students; they also love sport. Ali plays for the school football team, and Merve is very good at basketball. They believe that sport and study go together. "When we play, we forget our stress," Merve said. "Then we can study better." On Fridays, after they practise their English, they often stay to watch the football training. Many other students come too, and the whole class feels like one big family.
The class also planned some fun activities for the year. In February, they want to make a small English newspaper. In spring, they hope to visit a science museum in the city. Everybody had a different job. Selin will draw the pictures, Deniz will choose the music for the school video, and Ali and Merve will write about the sports news. Mark, of course, wants to design a simple computer game for the school website.
At home, the students talked about their goals too. Selin's mother was happy to hear about the walks. "Moving every day is a great habit," she said. Ali's older brother offered to help him with difficult English words in the evenings. Merve's family started reading together after dinner, because Merve told them about Mr. Demir's book club. Little by little, the small goals from school began to change life at home as well. Even the parents wanted to try something new this year.
Not every day was easy, of course. Sometimes Selin was too tired to walk, and sometimes Ali and Merve forgot to record their English. On those days, they felt a little sad. But their classmates helped them. "Don't give up," they said. "One bad day is not the end." Slowly, the students learned an important lesson: a goal is not a race, and mistakes are just part of learning.
Mark, the new student, wants to become a game designer one day. He isn't afraid of trying new things, and he never avoids asking questions. "Making mistakes is normal," he said. "I just keep learning." By the end of January, nobody had finished their goals, but everybody had started.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct gerund (V-ing) or infinitive (to + V) from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru gerund ya da mastar yapısıyla tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did Selin decide to take a short walk after every lesson?
2. What do Ali and Merve want to improve, and how?
3. What does Mark think about making mistakes?
Metinde and, but, so ve because bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about common fears. (Bir konuşmacı yaygın korkuları anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about fears. You will listen twice. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Korkular hakkında kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Bu ünitede özellikle hobilerini ve planlarını bağlarken şu dört bağlacı kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I enjoy reading and I love painting. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I like cooking, but I hate washing up. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I want to get fit, so I decided to start running. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I hope to learn the guitar because I love music. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I enjoy running. I want to get fit. I hate swimming. I like cycling. | I enjoy running because I want to get fit. I hate swimming, but I like cycling, so I decided to buy a bike. |
Bir "hobiler ve planlar" paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Genel his: boş zamanını nasıl geçirirsin | In my free time, I enjoy doing many things. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Sevdiklerin (V-ing) + sevmediklerin + planların (to + V) | I love reading, but I hate cleaning. This year I want to learn... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Bir hedef / son bir yorum | I hope to have more free time next year. |
Write about the things you like doing and the things you want to do. (Yapmayı sevdiğin şeyleri ve yapmak istediğin şeyleri anlat.) Use gerunds and infinitives.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...