Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bir sıfat bir ismi anlatır: "a quick runner" (hızlı bir koşucu). Ama bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını anlatmak istersen bir biçim zarfına (adverb of manner) ihtiyacın var: "He runs quickly." (Hızlıca koşar.) İşte bu koyu kelimeye adverb (zarf) denir — bir fiili anlatır ve "How?" (Nasıl?) sorusuna cevap verir.
Bu bölümde şunları öğreneceğiz: -ly ile zarf yapmak, düzensiz zarflar (well, fast, hard...), zarfın cümledeki yeri, ve zarfları karşılaştırmak (more...ly, -er, the ...est). Adım adım gidelim.
Çoğu biçim zarfı, bir sıfata -ly eki eklenerek yapılır: slow → slowly. But watch the spelling — yazımda küçük değişiklikler olur. Aşağıdaki tablo kuralları özetliyor:
| Kural | Sıfat | Zarf | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| normal + ly | quick | quickly | She works quickly. |
| -y → -ily | happy | happily | They played happily. |
| -le → -ly | terrible | terribly | He sang terribly. |
| -ic → -ically | automatic | automatically | It opens automatically. |
Bu, Türkçe konuşanların en sık karıştırdığı konu. A sıfat bir ismi anlatır; bir zarf bir fiili anlatır. Kısacası: ismin yanında sıfat, fiilin yanında zarf kullan.
| Sıfat (ismi anlatır) | Zarf (fiili anlatır) |
|---|---|
| She is a careful driver. | She drives carefully. |
| He is a good singer. | He sings well. |
| They are quick workers. | They work quickly. |
Bazı zarflar -ly almaz. Some are the same as the adjective (fast, hard, late, early, high), and one is completely different: good'un zarfı well'dir.
| Sıfat | Zarf | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| good | well | She plays the piano well. |
| fast | fast | He drives very fast. |
| hard | hard | They work hard. |
| early / late | early / late | I got up early. |
Biçim zarfı genellikle fiilden sonra, ya da bir nesne varsa nesneden sonra gelir. The adverb usually does not go between the verb and the object — bu çok yaygın bir hatadır.
| Doğru ✓ | Yanlış ✗ |
|---|---|
| She speaks English fluently. | She speaks fluently English. |
| He opened the door quietly. | He opened quietly the door. |
| They finished the work quickly. | They finished quickly the work. |
Tıpkı sıfatlar gibi zarfları da karşılaştırabiliriz. The rule depends on the adverb: kısa/düzensiz zarflara -er / -est, -ly zarflarına ise more / the most eklenir.
| Tür | Karşılaştırma (-er / more) | Enüstünlük (the -est / the most) |
|---|---|---|
| kısa/düzensiz: fast, hard, early | fast → faster | the fastest |
| -ly zarflar: slowly, carefully | slowly → more slowly | the most slowly |
| düzensiz: well / badly | well → better · badly → worse | the best · the worst |
Türkçe konuşanların zarflarda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| He sings very good. | He sings very well. | Fiilden sonra zarf: good → well. |
| She runs fastly. | She runs fast. | "fastly" yoktur; fast düzensizdir. |
| Please drive careful. | Please drive carefully. | Fiili anlatır → -ly zarfı gerekir. |
| He speaks slowlier than me. | He speaks more slowly than me. | -ly zarfı more ile karşılaştırılır. |
| My English is more good now. | My English is better now. | good/well düzensiz: better (more good değil). |
| She opened quietly the window. | She opened the window quietly. | Zarf, fiil ile nesnenin arasına girmez. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about a basketball game and how the players play. Koyu yazılan zarflara ve karşılaştırmalara dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then describe people and places in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kişileri ve yerleri kendi cümlelerinde tanımla.)
Write 8 sentences that say how people do things, and compare them. Use at least 8 of the words above. (İnsanların bir şeyi nasıl yaptığını anlatan ve onları karşılaştıran 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): quickly · carefully · well · badly · hard · faster · better · seriously · practise · improve
Kerem loves basketball more than any other sport. Two years ago, however, he played very badly. He could not throw the ball well, and he ran quite slowly. After every match his coach said the same thing: "If you practise hard, you will play better."
When Kerem was younger, he really wanted to be a good player, but the game was difficult for him. At school, his classmates ran quickly and passed the ball easily, and Kerem often felt sad. Sometimes he dropped the ball, and sometimes he shot badly and missed the basket. He watched the other boys and girls carefully, and he saw that they moved more smoothly than him. "Why do they play so well?" he asked himself quietly. He did not know the answer yet, but he did not want to stop. Basketball was still his favourite thing after school.
So Kerem started to work harder than before. Every morning he ran quickly around the park, and every evening he threw the ball at the basket carefully, again and again. He listened to his coach patiently and never gave up. Slowly but surely, he improved.
His new routine was not always easy. On school days, Kerem woke up early and practised for twenty minutes before class. In the evenings, he finished his homework first, and then he went to the small court near his home. He practised more regularly than most of his friends, because he really loved the sport. At the weekend, he trained for two hours, and he rested carefully so his legs did not hurt. Little by little, his hands became stronger and his feet moved faster. He was learning that hard work is more useful than luck.
Today Kerem plays much better than last year. He runs faster than most of his friends, and he shoots more accurately than anyone else on the team. He also listens carefully when the coach explains a new plan clearly.
Last month, Kerem's school played an important game against another class. The gym was full, and everyone shouted loudly. At first Kerem felt nervous, but he breathed slowly and remembered his coach's words. He passed the ball quickly to his teammates and moved cleverly around the court. Near the end of the game, he shot the ball carefully, and it went into the basket perfectly. His team won by four points! His classmates cheered happily and said, "You played brilliantly today." Kerem smiled, because now he could see how much he had improved.
Kerem's friends are good at different things, and he likes to compare them kindly. His friend Ali draws beautifully and finishes his pictures more quickly than anyone in the art club. Another friend, Zeynep, speaks English very well and reads more fluently than the rest of the class. Their classmate Emre plays the guitar softly and sings more sweetly than anyone in the music room. "Everyone is good at something," Kerem thinks. He believes that people become skilful when they practise the thing they love. Just like in basketball, if you do your hobby regularly and carefully, you improve day by day. Talent is nice, but effort matters more, and patient students always learn the fastest in the end.
His best friend, Deniz, plays well too. She jumps higher and moves more quickly than Kerem. "You move gracefully, like a dancer," Kerem tells her, and Deniz laughs happily. Of all the players, she practises the most seriously, so she rarely makes a mistake.
Deniz and Kerem often practise together after school. She is patient, and she explains new moves clearly, so Kerem learns quickly. "Watch me carefully," she says, and then she jumps and turns gracefully. Kerem tries to copy her, but he still moves a little more slowly than she does. They laugh together when he makes a mistake, and then they try again seriously. Deniz says that good friends help each other improve. Because they train together, both players get better faster than before, and their friendship grows stronger every week.
Their coach is very proud of them. "You two work the hardest, and you learn fast," she says warmly. "Remember: the players who try hardest always improve the most." Kerem and Deniz smile at each other. They know that if they keep practising patiently, they will play even better next season.
At home, Kerem's family is proud of him too. His younger sister watches his games excitedly, and his father drives him to the sports club every Saturday. "You work harder than I did at your age," his father says warmly. Kerem's mother always tells him to sleep well and eat healthily before a match. On the team, some players are taller and some run faster, but the coach says the most important thing is to try your best. Kerem now knows that if you practise carefully and patiently, you can slowly become the player you want to be.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct adverb from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru zarfla tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. How did Kerem play two years ago, and how does he play now?
2. How does Deniz move, and how often does she make mistakes?
3. What does the coach say about the players who try hardest?
Metinde biçim zarflarını (-ly ekli ve düzensiz) ve zarf karşılaştırmalarını bul — her tür en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Play a "How do you do it?" game, then do the extra practice quiz. (Bir "Nasıl yapıyorsun?" oyunu oyna, sonra ekstra alıştırma testini yap.)
Bir eylem söyle; partnerin onu nasıl yaptığını bir zarfla anlatsın — sonra iki kişiyi karşılaştırın. Say an action, and your partner answers with an adverb of manner, then makes a comparison. Önce örnek diyaloğa bak:
Şimdi sıra sende. Say each of these out loud with an adverb of manner — sesli olarak, sonra bir karşılaştırma ekle. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla oyna. Amaç: bir eylemi nasıl yaptığını rahatça anlatabilmek.
Söylediklerini yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down what you said and submit it for feedback — optional.) 4-6 cümle, her birinde bir biçim zarfı ya da karşılaştırma kullan.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
10 questions on adverbs — manner and comparison mixed. (10 soru: karışık biçim ve karşılaştırma zarfları.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Kısa, kopuk cümleler bir yazıyı zayıf gösterir. What makes writing sound natural and mature is adverbs: bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını anlatır ve kişileri karşılaştırırlar. Bir de bağlaçları (and, but, so, because, when...) eklersen, yazın gerçek bir metne dönüşür.
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Zarf + bağlaç ile ✓ |
|---|---|
| My sister sings. She is good. My brother sings too. He is not so good. | My sister sings beautifully, and she performs much better than my brother, because she practises the most seriously in our family. |
A2 boyunca öğrendiğin bağlaçlar. This is your toolbox — bunları zarflarla birlikte kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| and | ve | a friend who is kind and funny |
| but | ama | a place which is small but beautiful |
| so | bu yüzden | He is friendly, so everyone likes him. |
| because | çünkü | I love the café because it is quiet. |
| when | -diğinde | She smiles when she sees me. |
Write about the people in your life and how they do things. (Hayatındaki kişileri ve onların bir şeyleri nasıl yaptığını anlat.) Use adverbs of manner and comparison.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Bu, A2 seviyesinin son ünitesiydi. Geçmiş zamanlardan geleceğe, koşul cümlelerinden ilgi cümleciklerine ve şimdi zarflara (biçim ve karşılaştırma) kadar tüm A2 ünitelerini tamamladın. Artık eylemlerin nasıl yapıldığını anlatabilir ve kişileri akıcı biçimde karşılaştırabilirsin. Sıradaki durak: B1. Emeğin için kendini kutla ve öğrenmeye devam et.
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