Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bir isimden "ne kadar" ya da "kaç tane" olduğunu söylemek istediğinde quantifier (miktar belirteci) kullanırsın. Quantifiers are small words like much, many, a lot of, a few, a little that tell us the amount of something. Türkçede "çok, biraz, birkaç, az" dediğin yerde İngilizcede hangi kelimeyi seçeceğin, ismin türüne bağlıdır.
Bu bölümde önce ismin türünü (countable / uncountable) ayırt etmeyi öğreneceğiz, çünkü bütün quantifier seçimleri buna dayanır. Then we will study much / many, a lot of, and the tricky pairs a few / few and a little / little. Adım adım gidelim.
Quantifier seçmeden önce sorman gereken tek soru şudur: bu ismi sayabiliyor muyum? Some nouns you can count (one apple, two apples), others you cannot (water — not "two waters"). Bu ayrım, doğru kelimeyi seçmenin anahtarıdır.
| Tür | Ne demek? | Örnekler |
|---|---|---|
| Countable (sayılabilir) | Tek tek sayılır; çoğulu vardır (-s). | chair / chairs · apple / apples · person / people · box / boxes |
| Uncountable (sayılamaz) | Sayılmaz; çoğulu yoktur; hep tekil fiil alır. | water · money · time · information · sugar · homework |
Her ikisi de "çok" demektir, ama much sayılamaz, many sayılabilir isimlerle gider. We usually use them in questions and negative sentences. Olumlu cümlede daha çok "a lot of" tercih edilir (aşağıda).
| Belirteç | İsim türü | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| much | sayılamaz | How much water do you need? | Ne kadar suya ihtiyacın var? |
| much | sayılamaz (olumsuz) | I don't have much time. | Çok vaktim yok. |
| many | sayılabilir | How many people came? | Kaç kişi geldi? |
| many | sayılabilir (olumsuz) | There aren't many chairs. | Fazla sandalye yok. |
a lot of hem sayılabilir hem sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır ve genellikle olumlu cümlelerde gelir. It is the easy, safe choice for "çok" in a positive sentence. "lots of" ise aynı anlamda, biraz daha günlük konuşma dilidir.
Burada dikkat! Dört kelime birbirine çok benzer ama iki farkı vardır. Birincisi: a few / few sayılabilir, a little / little sayılamaz isimlerle gider. İkincisi — ve daha önemlisi — "a" olup olmaması anlamı değiştirir:
| Belirteç | İsim türü | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| a few | sayılabilir | birkaç (yeterli, olumlu) | I have a few friends here, so I'm happy. |
| few | sayılabilir | çok az / neredeyse hiç (olumsuz) | Few people came, so the room was empty. |
| a little | sayılamaz | biraz (yeterli, olumlu) | We have a little time, let's take a break. |
| little | sayılamaz | çok az / yetersiz (olumsuz) | I have little money, so I can't come. |
Kafan karışırsa bu haritaya bak. Önce ismin türünü seç, sonra miktarı:
| Anlam | Sayılabilir (chairs, people) | Sayılamaz (water, time) |
|---|---|---|
| "çok" (soru/olumsuz) | many | much |
| "çok" (olumlu) | a lot of / lots of | a lot of / lots of |
| "birkaç / biraz" (yeterli) | a few | a little |
| "çok az" (yetersiz) | few | little |
Türkçe konuşanların quantifier'larda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| How many water do you drink? | How much water do you drink? | water sayılamaz → much. |
| There isn't many time. | There isn't much time. | time sayılamaz → much. |
| I have much friends. | I have a lot of friends. | Olumlu cümlede "a lot of". |
| There is a few milk. | There is a little milk. | milk sayılamaz → a little. |
| We have a little chairs. | We have a few chairs. | chairs sayılabilir → a few. |
| She has few friends, she is never alone. | She has a few friends, she is never alone. | Olumlu his = a few (yeterli). |
| An information, please. | Some information, please. | information sayılamaz; "an" almaz. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends check the kitchen before a party. Koyu yazılan quantifier'lara dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to talk about amounts. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra miktarları anlatmak için kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about what you have at home or at school. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Evinde ya da okulda neyin olduğu hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Grammar ve Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): a lot of · much · many · a few · few · a little · little · enough
Last month, class 9-B got the biggest stall at the school fair, so the students needed to plan carefully. There was a lot of work to do, but there was little time — only two weeks. On Monday, the class rep, Deniz, called a short meeting. "We have many things to organise," he said, "but we don't have much money for decorations, so we must be smart."
At the meeting, Deniz gave everybody a job. Some students made the games, and some students painted the posters. There were many jobs, so nobody had much free time that week. "Let's make a plan," said Selin, Deniz's best friend. "If we do a little every day, we won't have too much work on the last day." Everybody liked this idea. They wrote a big list on the board and put a name next to each job. A few students were still a little nervous, but most of the class felt ready. "We are a good team," said Deniz, "and a good team can do a lot with only a little."
First, they checked the craft supplies. There were a lot of markers and coloured papers in the cupboard, but there were only a few big boxes — not enough for the whole game stall. Selin made a list and brought some more from home. She also saw that there was very little glue left, so she bought a few new bottles.
The class wanted a colourful stall, but they had little money, so they had to be clever. They used a lot of old boxes from the school kitchen and painted them with a few tins of cheap paint. Selin's mum gave them some old fabric, and Deniz brought a little tape from home. "We don't need much money," Deniz said, "we just need many good ideas." The students made posters with the markers and drew a lot of funny pictures. Soon the empty table looked bright and fun. They still needed a few more balloons, so two friends bought some at a small shop near the school. It cost only a little, and it made the stall look great.
The food table was Selin's favourite part. The class wanted to sell simple snacks, so they made a short list. They needed a lot of cups, a few big bottles of juice, and some biscuits. "How much juice do we need?" asked Deniz. "Not too much," said Selin. "Maybe six bottles. But we need many cups, because a lot of children will come." Each student brought a little food from home: a few small cakes, some fruit, and a little chocolate. They did not have much space on the table, so they put the drinks at the back and the snacks at the front. It was simple, but it looked very nice.
Next, they thought about people. The class had many good helpers, but few of them knew the new sound system. Deniz asked two of them to teach the others. It took a little time, but after a few days, most of the class could use it.
There were also the games to test. The class planned three games: a ring toss, a quiz, and a music game. Each game needed a few prizes, so the students collected small things like pens, stickers, and sweets. They did not have many big prizes, but they had a lot of small ones, and that was fine. For the music game, the sound system had to work well. The two helpers played a little music and checked the speakers. At first there was a little problem with the volume, but after a few tries, it sounded great. Some parents came after school and helped for an hour, and a few teachers gave good advice too. "Ask for help early," a teacher said. "A little help now saves a lot of stress later."
By Friday, they had enough supplies and enough helpers. There was still a lot of work, but everybody felt calmer. "We didn't have much time," Selin said, "but we planned well, so we finished a lot of the job." Deniz smiled. "A little planning saves many problems," he said. It was a busy week, but a great one.
On the day of the fair, a lot of people came to class 9-B's stall. There were so many visitors that the students were busy all afternoon. They sold a lot of tickets for the games and gave away many small prizes. In the middle of the day there was a little time for a short break, so the friends ate a few sandwiches together and laughed about the busy week. By the evening, they had only a few prizes left, and there was not much juice in the bottles, but everybody was happy. Their stall won second place, and the whole class cheered.
"We didn't have much money or much time," Selin said, "but we had a lot of team spirit, and that made all the difference." Deniz agreed. He learned an important lesson that week. You do not always need many things to do a good job. With a few good friends, a little planning, and a lot of team spirit, you can solve many problems and have a great time too. Next year, class 9-B wants the biggest stall again — and this time, they know exactly how much to plan and how many friends to ask.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct quantifier from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru miktar belirtecıyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did the class need to plan carefully?
2. What was the problem with the new sound system at first?
3. How did the class feel by Friday? Why?
Metinde and, but, so bağlaçlarını bul — her biri birden çok kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A man talks about his clothes and his style. (Bir adam kıyafetleri ve tarzı hakkında konuşuyor.)
You will hear a short talk about clothes and fashion. You will listen twice. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kıyafetler hakkında kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bir yeri ya da bir durumu anlatırken sürekli "ne kadar" ve "kaç tane" bilgisi verirsin. Quantifiers make your writing clear and exact — okuyucu tam olarak ne kadarından bahsettiğini anlar. Aşağıdaki bağlaçlarla birleştirdiğinde yazın hem doğru hem akıcı olur.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I have a few plants and a lot of books. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I have many games, but little free time. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I have little time, so I need help. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I need a few chairs because we have guests. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I have books. I have plants. I don't have time. I need help. | I have a lot of books and a few plants, but I have little time, so I need some help. |
Bir betimleme paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Neyi anlatacağın: oda / çanta / mutfak | Let me tell you about my room. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Neyin çok/az olduğu; ne gerektiği. Quantifier + bağlaç. | I have a lot of books, but only a little space, so... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Genel bir yorum: yeterli mi, ne lazım? | I have enough for now, but I need a few new shelves. |
Describe a place you know well (your room, your schoolbag, your desk, or your kitchen). Say what you have a lot of, what you have only a little/few of, and what you need. (İyi bildiğin bir yeri anlat: neyin çok, neyin az, neyin gerektiğini söyle.)
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...