Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şimdiye kadar hep olay anlattın: geçmişte ne oldu, gelecekte ne olacak. Now we add a new layer: rules and advice. Bazen bir şeyi yapmak zorundasındır, bazen bir şey yasaktır, bazen birine öğüt verirsin. İşte bunun için modal (kip) fiilleri kullanırız: must, have to, should.
Bu bölümde dört şeyi net ayıracağız: zorunluluk (must / have to), yasak (mustn't), gereksizlik (don't have to) ve öğüt (should / shouldn't). En çok karıştırılan ikili — mustn't vs don't have to — için ayrı bir kritik tablo var; onu iyi öğren.
Modal fiiller (must, should) normal fiillerden farklıdır. There are three golden rules that are the same for must and should. Bunlar A2'de en çok hata yapılan noktalardır:
| Kural | Açıklama | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Sonra yalın fiil | must / should + to yok, yalın fiil | You must go. ✓ / You must to go. ✗ |
| -s almaz | he/she/it'te bile değişmez | She should rest. ✓ / She shoulds rest. ✗ |
| do / does yok | soru ve olumsuzda yardımcı gerekmez | Should I call? ✓ / Do I should call? ✗ |
must, güçlü bir zorunluluk anlatır: "kesinlikle gerekli". We often use must for rules, laws, and strong personal feelings. Kural koyan kişinin (konuşanın) içinden gelen bir zorunluluk hissi vardır.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + must + yalın fiil | You must wear a badge. | Kart takmak zorundasın. |
| Yasak | özne + mustn't + yalın fiil | You mustn't be late. | Geç kalmak yasak. |
must genellikle yazılı kurallarda, tabelalarda ve güçlü tavsiyelerde görülür: "Passengers must show a ticket.", "You must try this cake!"
have to da zorunluluk anlatır ama farkı şudur: kural dışarıdan gelir — bir kanun, patron, kurum. It is an external rule, not your own feeling. Günlük konuşmada Türkçedeki "-mek zorunda" için en çok have to kullanılır.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Soru |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have to | don't have to | Do ... have to? |
| he / she / it | has to | doesn't have to | Does ... have to? |
Bu, ünitenin en önemli noktasıdır. Olumlu tarafta must ve have to birbirine yakındır; ama olumsuzda anlamları zıttır. Here is the difference that students confuse the most:
| Yapı | Anlam | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| mustn't | YASAK — yapma! | You mustn't bring your phone. | Telefon getirmek yasak. |
| don't have to | GEREKSİZ — istersen yapma | You don't have to bring your phone. | Telefon getirmek zorunda değilsin (istersen getirme). |
Aynı fiil, iki çok farklı mesaj: "You mustn't tell him" = ona söyleme (yasak). "You don't have to tell him" = söylemek zorunda değilsin (senin seçimin).
should zorunluluk değildir — bir öğüt, tavsiye ya da iyi fikir bildirir. It is softer than must: "bunu yapmak iyi olur" demektir. Birine tavsiye verirken, bir problem için çözüm önerirken çok kullanılır.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Öğüt | özne + should + yalın fiil | You should rest. | Dinlenmelisin. |
| Ters öğüt | özne + shouldn't + yalın fiil | You shouldn't eat so much sugar. | O kadar şeker yememelisin. |
| Soru | Should + özne + yalın fiil | Should I see a dentist? | Diş hekimine gitmeli miyim? |
Türkçe konuşanların modal fiillerde en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| You must to wear a helmet. | You must wear a helmet. | must'tan sonra "to" yok, yalın fiil. |
| She should goes home. | She should go home. | should -s almaz, sonrası yalın fiil. |
| He have to study today. | He has to study today. | he/she/it → has to. |
| Do you must come? | Must you come? / Do you have to come? | must modaldır, "do" almaz. |
| You don't must use your phone here. | You mustn't use your phone here. | Yasak için mustn't; "don't must" yoktur. |
| You mustn't pay; it's free. | You don't have to pay; it's free. | "Gerek yok" için don't have to (yasak değil). |
| I think you must rest a little. | I think you should rest a little. | Tavsiye için should (must çok güçlü). |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. A teacher explains the rules and gives advice to a new student. Koyu yazılan modal yapılara dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to talk about rules and advice. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kural ve öğüt hakkında konuşmak için kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about rules and advice (school, home, sports or online). Use at least 8 of the words above. (Kural ve öğüt hakkında 8 cümle yaz: okul, ev, spor ya da internet. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): rule · badge · advice · strict · polite · safety · follow · on time
Meriç College is a busy school in Istanbul, and it has clear rules for its students. When you start, your teacher gives you a small handbook. It explains what you must do, what you mustn't do, and what you should do to have a good first term.
The handbook is not very long, but it is very useful. It has three parts. The first part is about safety, the uniform, and time. The second part is about your phone, the canteen, and the library. The last part is full of friendly tips for your first days at school. You don't have to read all of it in one day, but you should keep it in your bag. When you have a question, you should open it and read the right page.
First, safety and time. Everybody must wear an ID badge inside the building, and visitors mustn't enter the labs alone. The rules protect people, so you must follow them. Students have to arrive by nine o'clock, but they don't have to stay after three. If you are ill, you don't have to come to school; you should call your teacher and rest at home.
There are also rules about clothes and phones. Every student has to wear the school uniform, and it must be clean and tidy. You mustn't wear a cap in the classroom, and you shouldn't wear big jackets in lessons. You can bring your phone, but you mustn't use it during a lesson. When the bell rings, you must put your phone in your bag. At break time you don't have to turn it off, but you should be quiet and polite when you use it near other people.
The canteen and the library have their own rules too. In the canteen, you must wait in the line, and you mustn't push the other students. After lunch, you should clean your table, because the next class needs it. In the library, you must be quiet, and you mustn't eat or drink near the books. You don't have to whisper all the time, but you should use a soft voice so other students can study and read.
The handbook also gives friendly advice. New students should ask a lot of questions, because nobody knows everything on the first day. You shouldn't eat in the classrooms, and you shouldn't drop litter in the corridors. In class, you should be polite and listen carefully.
Good advice is not only about lessons; it is also about friends. On your first day, you should smile and say hello to other students. You shouldn't sit alone if you feel shy — you should join a group and talk to people. You mustn't laugh at other students or say unkind words, because everybody wants to feel safe and happy at school. When a classmate needs help, you should help them, and soon they will help you too.
Many teens at Meriç College love the sports clubs. You don't have to join a club, but it is a great way to make new friends. If you play football or basketball, you must bring your sports clothes, and you mustn't wear them in your normal lessons. Before a game, you should warm up, because your body needs it. You shouldn't skip training, and you should always listen to your coach. Good players follow the rules and respect the other team.
Homework is an important part of school life. You have to do your homework and bring it on time. If the work is difficult, you don't have to finish it alone — you should ask a friend or your teacher for help. You shouldn't leave everything for the last night, because tired students make a lot of mistakes. A good tip is simple: you should study a little every day, and you should sleep well before a test.
Selin remembers her first week well. 'The rules looked strict,' she says, 'but they were fair. I had to learn many names, and I mustn't forget my badge — that was the hardest part! My teacher told me I should relax and enjoy school. It was good advice.'
Emre, another student, agrees with Selin. 'At first, I thought there were too many rules,' he says. 'But now I understand them. The rules keep us safe, and the advice helps us learn. My favourite tip is easy: when you don't understand something, you should ask.' Emre also thinks new students should join one club and try one new sport in the first month.
Rules are not only at school. At home, your family has rules too, and they help you grow up. Many teens have to do some jobs at home: you might have to tidy your room or help with dinner. You shouldn't spend all night on your phone, because you need good sleep for school. Your parents will be happy if you are polite and if you follow the simple rules at home. School and home work best together.
At Meriç College, the message is simple: you must follow the safety rules, you should ask for help, and then you will feel at home very soon.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct modal from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kip fiiliyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. What must everybody wear inside the building, and why?
2. What does the teacher advise new students to do? Give two examples.
3. What was the hardest part of Selin's first week?
Metinde and, but, so, because ve when bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker talks about the dentist and looking after your teeth. (Bir konuşmacı diş hekimini ve diş bakımını anlatıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about the dentist. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your text; your teacher will review it. (Yazını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Kural ve öğüt yazarken bağlaçlar özellikle işine yarar — bir kuralın sebebini (because) ya da bir istisnasını (but) belirtmek için.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | You must wear a badge and bring your books. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık / istisna | You have to arrive by nine, but you can go home at three. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | The labs are dangerous, so you mustn't enter alone. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | You should ask questions because it helps you learn. |
| when | -diğinde | Zaman / durum | When the lesson ends, you should tidy your desk. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| You must wear a badge. You mustn't enter the labs alone. You should ask questions. You are new. | You must wear a badge, and you mustn't enter the labs alone because they are dangerous. You should ask questions when you are new. |
Bir kural-ve-öğüt metni üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Konu cümlesi: kim için, ne hakkında | Here are some rules and tips for new students. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Zorunluluklar (must / have to), yasaklar (mustn't) ve öğütler (should). Bağlaçlarla bağla. | You must wear a badge, and you should arrive on time... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir cesaret / tavsiye cümlesi | Follow these rules and you will enjoy school. |
Write a short text with rules and advice for new students at your school (or your sports club). (Okulunda ya da spor kulübünde yeni öğrenciler için kural ve öğüt içeren kısa bir metin yaz.) Use modal verbs.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...