Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Şimdiye kadar hep bugünden ve genel gerçeklerden konuştun. Now it is time to talk about the past. When you tell a friend what you did yesterday, where you went last weekend, or what happened on your holiday, you need a new tense: the Past Simple. Past Simple, geçmişte başlayıp biten olayları anlatır — bir kez oldu, tamamlandı ve kapandı.
Bu bölümde önce be fiilinin geçmişini (was / were) kısaca hatırlayacağız. Then we will study regular verbs (-ed) and irregular verbs, questions and negatives with did / didn't, short answers, and past time expressions. Adım adım gidelim.
A2'ye başlarken bunu zaten biliyorsun, so this is just a quick bridge. "Olmak" fiilinin geçmiş hâli iki şekildedir: was ve were. These describe states in the past — where somebody was, how they felt, what something was like.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / he / she / it | was | wasn't | She was tired yesterday. |
| you / we / they | were | weren't | We were at school. |
Çoğu fiil geçmişte -ed alır. This is the easy part: no new word to memorize, you just add an ending. Ama yazımda (spelling) dört küçük kural var. Bunları öğren, çünkü sınavda ve yazıda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu fiil | + ed | work → worked · watch → watched · play → played |
| -e ile biten | + d | live → lived · arrive → arrived · like → liked |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ied | study → studied · try → tried · carry → carried |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + ed | stop → stopped · plan → planned · shop → shopped |
Some verbs do not follow the -ed rule. Bunların geçmiş hâli tamamen farklı bir kelimedir ve ezberlenmesi gerekir. İyi haber: en çok kullanılanlar bir avuç kadardır. Aşağıdaki listeyi iyi öğren — günlük konuşmanın çoğu bu fiillerle döner.
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| have | had |
| do | did |
| make | made |
| see | saw |
| come | came |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| take | took |
| get | got |
| give | gave |
| know | knew |
| think | thought |
| say | said |
| Fiil | Geçmiş |
|---|---|
| find | found |
| buy | bought |
| tell | told |
| meet | met |
| eat | ate |
| write | wrote |
Olumlu cümlede fiili değiştiririz. But for questions and negatives, we use a helper: did. Bütün öznelerde aynıdır — he/she/it için bile "did" (does değil). En önemli kural şu: did / didn't'ten sonra fiil yalın hâle döner.
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + geçmiş fiil | She went to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitti. |
| Olumsuz | özne + didn't + yalın fiil | She didn't go to Ankara. | Ankara'ya gitmedi. |
| Soru | Did + özne + yalın fiil | Did she go to Ankara? | Ankara'ya gitti mi? |
Bir Past Simple sorusuna kısa cevap vermek çok kolaydır, because you only need did or didn't — fiili tekrar etmezsin. Özne ne olursa olsun kalıp aynıdır.
| Soru | Olumlu | Olumsuz |
|---|---|---|
| Did you call her? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did he finish his homework? | Yes, he did. | No, he didn't. |
| Did they enjoy the trip? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
Past Simple genellikle bir zaman ifadesiyle birlikte gelir. These words tell the listener that the action is finished and in the past. En sık kullanılanlar şunlardır:
| İfade | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | dün | I saw them yesterday. |
| last night / week / year | dün gece / geçen hafta / geçen yıl | We met last week. |
| ... ago | ... önce | He left two hours ago. |
| in 2019 / in May | 2019'da / Mayıs'ta | She started in 2019. |
| when I was young | gençken / çocukken | When I was a child, I lived in Bursa. |
Türkçe konuşanların Past Simple'da en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I goed home. | I went home. | go düzensizdir; "goed" yoktur. |
| Did you went home? | Did you go home? | did'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| She didn't went. | She didn't go. | didn't'ten sonra yalın fiil. |
| He did not knew. | He did not know. | did not = didn't; sonrası yalın fiil. |
| We was late. | We were late. | you / we / they → were. |
| Yesterday I go to school. | Yesterday I went to school. | "yesterday" varsa fiil geçmiş olmalı. |
| Two days ago I have called. | Two days ago I called. | Belirli geçmiş zamanla Past Simple kullanılır. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about their weekend on Monday morning. Koyu yazılan geçmiş zaman yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about the past. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Geçmiş hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): arrived · visited · met · bought · stayed · finished · enjoyed · last · ago
Selin is fifteen years old, and she goes to a big school in Izmir. She is in class 9-B, and she has many good friends there. Selin loves science, but she also likes basketball and drawing. Every day after school, she plays basketball with her friends for one hour. On weekends, she draws pictures of animals and plants in her notebook. This year, her class had a special science project, and Selin was very happy about it.
The project was about plants and clean water. Mr. Demir, the science teacher, put the students into small teams. Selin was the team leader, and her team had four people: Selin, Ali, Merve, and Mark. They were all good friends, and they sat together in class. The team had only one week to finish the project. It was not a lot of time, so everybody was a little nervous. But they were also excited, because the project was interesting.
Last week was very busy at school. On Monday morning, Selin arrived early because she had an important project. Her teacher, Mr. Demir, wanted a great science project, because a guest judge from Ankara was coming on Friday. Selin worked hard all day, so she didn't take a long break at lunch.
In the morning, Selin opened her books and started to plan. She wrote a list of jobs for her team on a big sheet of paper. Then she drew a small picture of a plant in a glass of water. At lunch, she only ate a quick sandwich, and then she went back to work. Her friends helped her, and they carried some boxes and plants to the classroom. Selin was tired, but she felt happy because the plan looked good.
On Tuesday, two classmates, Ali and Merve, travelled to Ankara for a short science workshop. They met the other students at ten o'clock and showed them the first plan. The students liked it, but they asked for a few changes. Ali called Selin and told her about the new ideas.
At the workshop in Ankara, Ali and Merve learned many new things. A young scientist showed them how plants drink water through their roots. She also gave them some useful books and photos. Ali took a lot of notes, and Merve took photos with her phone. After lunch, they practised a short talk in front of the other students. In the evening, they came back home by bus, and they were very tired but happy.
On Wednesday and Thursday, the whole team worked together. Selin made the new poster, Mark wrote the report, and Merve drew the diagrams. They didn't finish early — on Thursday they stayed until six o'clock. Everybody was tired, but nobody complained because the project was exciting.
They worked as a good team, and everybody had a job. Selin cut the paper and put the pictures on the poster. Mark checked all the words in the report, because he was good at English. Merve used bright colours for the diagrams, so they looked clear and nice. Sometimes they took a short break and ate biscuits together. They told funny jokes and laughed, and this made the hard work easier. Selin's mother also helped them, and she made some sandwiches for the team.
On Friday, the guest judge came to the school. Before he arrived, the team cleaned the classroom and bought some snacks and drinks. When the judge saw the final project, he smiled. 'This is excellent,' he said. 'Well done, everyone.'
During the visit, the team showed their poster and their report to the judge. Selin talked about the plants, and Merve pointed to the colourful diagrams. Ali answered some questions, and Mark read a short part of the report. The other students in the class watched quietly and clapped at the end. The judge asked two easy questions, and the team answered them well. Mr. Demir looked at his students and smiled, because he was very proud of them.
After the visit, the whole team went to a small café near the school. They ate pizza, talked about the week, and laughed a lot. It was a hard week, but it was also a good one. Selin learned a lot, and she felt proud of her class.
On Saturday, Selin slept late because she was very tired after the busy week. In the afternoon, she called Merve, and they talked about the project on the phone. 'We were a great team,' Merve said, and Selin agreed with her. On Sunday, Selin's family went to the park together. She played football with her little brother and ate ice cream in the sun. She thought about the week at school again, and she smiled. Now Selin knows that hard work and good friends can make a difficult week feel special.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct past verb from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru geçmiş fiille tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why did Ali and Merve travel to Ankara?
2. What did the guest judge say about the final project?
3. How did Selin feel at the end of the week? Why?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Practise a real conversation about last weekend. (Geçen hafta sonu hakkında gerçek bir konuşma yap.)
Önce dinle-gör: iki arkadaş hafta sonlarını anlatıyor. Read it aloud two times — first as A, then as B. Koyu yazılan Past Simple yapılarına dikkat et; bunları birazdan kendi konuşmanda kullanacaksın.
Şimdi sıra sende. Answer these questions out loud in full Past Simple sentences — sesli olarak, tam cümlelerle. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla A/B rolleriyle canlandır. Amaç: geçmiş zamanı akıcı biçimde konuşabilmek.
Söylediklerini yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down what you said and submit it for feedback — optional.) Konuştuğun cevapları 5-6 cümlelik kısa bir diyalog ya da paragraf hâlinde yaz.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. A2 seviyesinde A1'in bağlaçlarına üç yeni zaman bağlacı ekliyoruz: when, after, before. These are perfect for telling a story about the past.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I cooked and we ate together. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I was tired but happy. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It rained, so we stayed inside. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I was happy because I saw my friends. |
| when | -diğinde | Aynı anki olay | When I arrived, the party started. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After lunch, we went home. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I called her before I left. |
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Bağlaçlı akıcı yazı ✓ |
|---|---|
| I woke up late. I met my friend. We walked in the park. I was tired. I was happy. | I woke up late because I was tired. After breakfast, I met my friend and we walked in the park. I was tired, but I was happy. |
Bir anlatı paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Konu cümlesi: ne zaman, genel his | Last weekend was really nice. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Ne yaptığın, sırayla. Bağlaçlarla ve zaman ifadeleriyle bağla. | On Saturday I visited my family, and after lunch we... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / genel değerlendirme | I didn't do much, but I enjoyed my weekend a lot. |
Write about your last weekend or your last holiday. (Geçen hafta sonunu ya da son tatilini anlat.) Use the Past Simple.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...