Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Ünite 1'de Past Simple ile biten, kapanmış olayları anlatmıştık: "Yesterday I visited my aunt." Now we meet a tense that connects the past to now: the Present Perfect. Present Perfect, olayın ne zaman olduğunu söylemez; önemli olan deneyim ya da sonucun bugüne uzanmasıdır. Hayatının bir noktasında bir şeyi yapıp yapmadığını anlatır.
Fark şu: "I visited Italy in 2019" (Past Simple — belirli zaman) ama "I have visited Italy" (Present Perfect — deneyim, zaman önemsiz). Bu bölümde yapıyı, ever/never ile deneyimi ve just/already/yet kelimelerini öğreneceğiz.
Present Perfect iki parçadan oluşur: yardımcı fiil have ya da has, ve ana fiilin üçüncü hâli (past participle / V3). The subject decides between have and has.
| Özne | Yardımcı | Olumsuz | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have ('ve) | haven't | I have seen that film. |
| he / she / it | has ('s) | hasn't | She has seen that film. |
Soru yapısında have/has öznenin önüne geçer:
| Tür | Yapı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | özne + have/has + V3 | They have arrived. |
| Olumsuz | özne + haven't/hasn't + V3 | They haven't arrived. |
| Soru | Have/Has + özne + V3? | Have they arrived? |
Düzenli fiillerde V3, Past Simple ile aynıdır: fiile -ed eklenir (work → worked → worked). İyi haber: yeni bir şey ezberlemezsin. Düzensiz fiillerde ise V3 çoğu zaman ikinci hâlden (V2) farklıdır ve ezberlenmelidir. Aşağıdaki en sık kullanılan V3'leri iyi öğren.
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| be | been |
| go | gone / been |
| do | done |
| have | had |
| see | seen |
| eat | eaten |
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| take | taken |
| write | written |
| give | given |
| speak | spoken |
| break | broken |
| drink | drunk |
| Fiil | V3 |
|---|---|
| make | made |
| meet | met |
| buy | bought |
| find | found |
| win | won |
| read | read |
Present Perfect'in en yaygın kullanımı, hayat deneyimlerini anlatmaktır. Burada iki küçük kelime çok işe yarar: ever ve never.
| Kelime | Nerede? | Örnek | Anlamı |
|---|---|---|---|
| ever | soruda, have/has + özne'den sonra | Have you ever been to London? | Hiç Londra'ya gittin mi? |
| never | olumlu cümlede, have/has'ten sonra | I have never been to London. | Hiç Londra'ya gitmedim. |
Bu üç kelime Present Perfect ile çok sık kullanılır ve cümledeki yerleri farklıdır. Yeri karıştırmak en sık yapılan hatadır.
| Kelime | Anlamı | Yeri | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | az önce, daha yeni | have/has + just + V3 | I have just finished lunch. |
| already | çoktan, zaten | have/has + already + V3 | She has already left. |
| yet | henüz / daha (olumsuz & soru) | cümlenin sonunda | They haven't arrived yet. · Has it started yet? |
Basit bir ipucu: cümlede belirli bir geçmiş zaman ifadesi varsa (yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago) Past Simple kullan. Zaman söylenmiyor, sadece deneyim ya da bugüne etki varsa Present Perfect kullan.
| Present Perfect (deneyim / zaman yok) | Past Simple (belirli geçmiş zaman) |
|---|---|
| I have visited Rome. | I visited Rome in 2019. |
| She has just called. | She called ten minutes ago. |
| Have you ever eaten sushi? | Did you eat sushi last night? |
Türkçe konuşanların Present Perfect'te en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| I have saw the film. | I have seen the film. | have'den sonra V3 gelir (saw = V2). |
| She have finished. | She has finished. | he/she/it → has. |
| I haven't never been there. | I have never been there. | never zaten olumsuzdur. |
| I have yet finished. | I haven't finished yet. | yet cümlenin sonunda, olumsuzda. |
| I have already ate. | I have already eaten. | already + V3 (eaten). |
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. | yesterday → Past Simple. |
Bu ünitede her şeyi unutsan bile bu dört kuralı unutma — quiz ve yazıda tam olarak bunlar ölçülür.
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk at school. Koyu yazılan Present Perfect yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them in your own past-tense sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde kullan.)
Write 8 sentences about your experiences. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Deneyimlerin hakkında 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): ever · never · just · already · yet · been · seen · met · experience
Selin has studied at Pinewood High for a few months, but she has already learned a lot. This week a new student, Kenan, has joined her class, and everyone wants to help him because the first days are never easy.
Selin still remembers her own first week very well. On that Monday, she arrived early and waited at the school gate with her heart beating fast. Pinewood High is big: it has three floors, a large library and a green sports field behind the classrooms. Now Selin knows every corridor, so this morning she has shown Kenan the way to their classroom. 'You have already seen the most important place,' she jokes, 'the canteen is just next to our room!' Kenan laughs. He has never seen such a big school before, because his old school was much smaller. Selin has told him not to worry, because everyone here was new once too.
'Have you ever studied at a big school before?' Selin asks him. 'No, I haven't,' Kenan says. 'This is my first time, so I feel a little nervous.' Selin smiles. 'Don't worry. I have felt the same way, but everyone here is very friendly.'
The two students walk to their desks together. 'What do you like doing after school?' Selin asks. 'I love football and music,' Kenan says. 'I have played football for years, and I have just started guitar lessons.' Selin's eyes open wide. 'That's great! We have a music club here, and a football team too. Have you ever played in a real team?' 'No, I haven't,' Kenan says, 'but I have always wanted to.' Selin smiles. 'Then you have come to the right school. Many of my friends have joined the clubs, and they have met lots of new people there.'
By lunchtime, Kenan has met almost everyone. He has seen the science lab, and he has already sent his first message in the class group chat. Mr. Demir, the class teacher, has just given him an important task: to prepare a short talk for the history project.
For the history project, Mr. Demir has put the students into small groups. Kenan is in Selin and Merve's group, and they are happy about it. 'We have chosen a good topic,' Merve says. 'We want to talk about old castles in our country. Have you ever visited a castle, Kenan?' 'Yes, I have,' he answers. 'I have been to two castles with my family, and I have taken lots of photos. Maybe we can use them.' 'Perfect,' Selin says. 'You have already helped the group, and it is only your first day!' The three friends have decided to meet in the library after their last lesson.
Kenan has never used the school's homework app, so Merve has shown him how it works before he starts the project. When he tries it, he smiles. 'I haven't finished the school tour yet,' he says, 'but I have understood the main parts.'
In the afternoon, the class has had a PE lesson on the sports field. Kenan has run fast and scored a goal, so his new classmates have cheered for him. 'You are really good! Have you played before?' one boy asks. 'A little,' Kenan says with a smile. After PE, Selin has taken him to the school library. It is quiet and full of books, and Kenan has never seen so many books in one place. 'I have read a few of these,' Selin says, 'but I haven't read the history books yet. We can look for our castle photos here.' This new school has already given Kenan so many experiences in just one day.
In the library, the three friends have opened Kenan's photos and have started their plan. 'I have never worked on a project like this,' Kenan says happily. 'This has been my best experience today.' Merve has written the first ideas, and Selin has drawn a simple map of the castles. In just one hour, they have done a lot, and they are proud of their new teamwork.
At the end of the day, Selin asks, 'Have you enjoyed your first day?' 'Yes, I have!' Kenan laughs. 'I have learned so many new things, and I have made new friends. It has been a long day, but a really good one.' After school, the class has gone out to celebrate together.
On the bus home, Kenan thinks about everything. He has met kind people, he has joined a friendly group, and he has found a school with football and music. 'I have never had a first day like this,' he says quietly to himself. He takes out his phone and sends a message to his mum: 'I have had an amazing day, and I have already made two good friends!' His mum answers at once: 'I am so happy for you.' Kenan smiles and looks out of the window. He hasn't been at Pinewood High for long, but he already feels at home. He can't wait to come back tomorrow.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why do the class want to help Kenan?
2. Name two things Kenan has done on his first day.
3. How has Kenan felt at the end of the day? Why?
Metinde and, but, so, because, when, before ve after bağlaçlarını bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu bağlaçları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker describes high schools in the United States. (Bir konuşmacı ABD liselerini anlatıyor.)
You will hear a talk about American high schools. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Amerikan liseleri hakkında bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Cümleleri alt alta dizmek bir yazı oluşturmaz. What turns a list of sentences into a real text is connectors (bağlaçlar): cümleleri birbirine bağlar, fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterirler. Deneyimlerini anlatırken bunlar çok işine yarar.
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Ekleme yapar | I have travelled a lot and I have tried new food. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | I have visited Rome, but I have never been to Paris. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | I have just started a course, so I feel happy. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | It was a great experience because I met new people. |
| when | -diğinde | Zaman bildirir | When I was young, I never travelled abroad. |
| after | -den sonra | Sonraki olay | After the trip, I have visited them again. |
| before | -den önce | Önceki olay | I have never seen snow before. |
Bir deneyim paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | Genel bir konu cümlesi | I have had many interesting experiences. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Yaptığın şeyler (have/has + V3), bir de hiç yapmadığın bir şey | I have visited three countries, but I have never been to Asia. |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Son bir yorum / şu an ne hissettiğin | I have just started a new hobby, so I feel excited. |
Write about the experiences you have had in your life. (Hayatında yaşadığın deneyimleri anlat.) Use the Present Perfect.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...