Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Hayat sürekli bir karşılaştırmadır: hangi oyun daha eğlenceli, hangi telefon daha ucuz, hangi dizi en iyi? When you compare two things, you use a comparative (karşılaştırma): bigger, faster, more expensive. When you compare three or more things and pick the top one, you use a superlative (üstünlük): the biggest, the fastest, the most expensive. Bu ünitede ikisini de netleştireceğiz.
İki temel kalıbı ezberle: karşılaştırmada genellikle ...er / more ... + than, üstünlükte the ...est / the most ... kullanılır. Then we will add irregular adjectives (good, bad), equality with as ... as, and too / enough. Adım adım gidelim.
Tek heceli (ve bazı iki heceli) kısa sıfatlar sona -er (karşılaştırma) ve -est (üstünlük) alır. This is the easy pattern, ama yazımda dört küçük kural var — sınavda en çok burada hata yapılır.
| Kural | Nasıl? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Çoğu kısa sıfat | + er / + est | cheap → cheaper → the cheapest |
| -e ile biten | + r / + st | nice → nicer → the nicest · large → larger |
| Sessiz + y ile biten | y → ier / iest | easy → easier → the easiest · happy → happier |
| Kısa ünlü + tek sessiz | sessizi çiftle + er/est | big → bigger → the biggest · hot → hotter |
İki heceli çoğu sıfat ve üç+ heceli sıfatlar -er/-est almaz. Instead, we put more before the adjective for comparatives, and the most for superlatives. Sıfatın kendisi değişmez.
| Sıfat | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| expensive | more expensive | the most expensive |
| modern | more modern | the most modern |
| comfortable | more comfortable | the most comfortable |
| popular | more popular | the most popular |
Bazı çok kullanılan sıfatlar hiçbir kurala uymaz; comparative ve superlative hâlleri tamamen farklı kelimelerdir ve ezberlenir. İyi haber: bunlar bir avuç kadardır ama günlük dilde çok geçer.
| Sıfat | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good (iyi) | better | the best |
| bad (kötü) | worse | the worst |
| far (uzak) | farther / further | the farthest / furthest |
| many / much (çok) | more | the most |
İki şey eşit olduğunda karşılaştırma değil, as ... as kalıbını kullanırız: as + sıfat + as. This means the two things are the same. Olumsuzda (not as ... as) biri diğerinden azdır.
| Kalıp | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| as + adj + as | ... kadar (eşit) | Ali is as tall as his brother. |
| not as + adj + as | ... kadar değil (daha az) | A bike is not as fast as a car. |
Bazen bir şeyin fazla ya da yeterli olduğunu söyleriz. too + adjective = gereğinden fazla (olumsuz his). adjective + enough = yeterince. Kelime sırasına dikkat: too sıfattan ÖNCE, enough sıfattan SONRA gelir.
| Kalıp | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| too + adjective | çok / fazla (olumsuz) | This coffee is too hot to drink. |
| adjective + enough | yeterince | He is tall enough to reach it. |
| not + adjective + enough | yeterince değil | This box isn't big enough. |
Türkçe konuşanların bu konuda en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| She is more taller than me. | She is taller than me. | Çift karşılaştırma olmaz: more + er ✗. |
| This is the most easy test. | This is the easiest test. | Kısa sıfat üstünlüğü: -iest. |
| He is gooder than you. | He is better than you. | good düzensiz: better. |
| It is the baddest place. | It is the worst place. | bad düzensiz: the worst. |
| Ali is as taller as Can. | Ali is as tall as Can. | as ... as arasında yalın sıfat. |
| The soup is hot too. | The soup is too hot. | too, sıfattan önce gelir. |
| He isn't enough old to drive. | He isn't old enough to drive. | enough, sıfattan sonra gelir. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends compare two phones in a shop. Koyu yazılan comparative ve superlative yapılarına dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then use them to compare things in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kendi cümlelerinde bir şeyleri karşılaştır.)
Write 8 sentences that compare things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Bir şeyleri karşılaştıran 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): bigger · brighter · more modern · the best · cheaper · quieter · more crowded · faster · lighter · more expensive
Last month, our school moved to a new building, and everybody agrees it is much better than the old one. The old school was small and dark, but the new one is bigger, brighter, and more modern. It also has the best library in the whole building — larger than a classroom, with huge windows and fast internet.
The new building has three floors, so it is taller than the old school, which had only two. There is a big gym on the ground floor, and it is much more modern than the old one. The old gym was cold in winter, but the new gym is warmer and brighter. Outside, the playground is larger than before, and there are more trees, so it looks greener. Many students say the science labs are the most exciting rooms in the school, because they have new computers and fast internet, just like the library. The classrooms are bigger, too, and the desks are more comfortable than the old wooden ones.
Selin likes the new school because it is closer to the park than the old one. "My journey is shorter now," she says. "The food in the old canteen was cheaper, but the new classrooms are more comfortable, so I am happier here." Not everyone agrees. Emre thinks the old school was quieter. "The new building is noisier," he says, "because it is more crowded. But the light is better, and that is more important."
Selin is not the only happy student. Her best friend, Deniz, says the art room is the best place in the school. "It is bigger and brighter than my old classroom," she says, "and it is quieter than the noisy corridor." Deniz also thinks the new library is the most useful room, because it is easier to study there than at home. However, some younger students say the new school is a little too big, and they get lost more often than before. For them, the old school was simpler and easier to remember. "The old building was smaller," one boy says, "so it was faster to find my class."
The friends also compare their lessons and clubs. This year there are more clubs than last year, so students have more choices. The football club is the most popular of all, and it has more members than the chess club and the music club together. Emre says the new sports field is better than the old one, even if the building is noisier. "The grass is greener and the field is bigger," he says, "so our team plays better here." Selin prefers the drama club, because the new stage is more comfortable and the lights are brighter than before. She thinks acting is more fun than sport, but Emre does not agree at all.
The friends also compared their two most popular phones. The A10 is cheaper and lighter than the A20, but the A20 is faster and more powerful. For most students, the A20 is the better choice, although it is the more expensive of the two.
Phones are not the only gadgets the friends talk about. Deniz has a new tablet, and she says it is lighter and faster than her old laptop, but the screen is smaller. "For games, the tablet is better," she says, "but for homework, the laptop is the best, because the keyboard is bigger." Emre wants new headphones. The cheaper ones are good enough for music, but they are not as loud as the expensive ones. In the end, he chooses the cheaper pair, because they are almost as good and much cheaper. "The most expensive headphones are not always the best," he says.
At the weekend, the group often compares places to meet. The new café near the school is more modern than the old one, but the old café was cheaper. The park is the quietest place, and it is also the closest to the new school, so they often meet there. "The park is the best place to relax," Selin says, "because it is greener and calmer than the busy streets." Emre agrees, but he says the sports centre is more fun, even if it is farther away and more crowded on Saturdays. "The centre is bigger and busier," he says, "but the games there are the most exciting in town."
After a few weeks, most students feel more comfortable in the new building. The first days were the hardest, because everything was new and the rooms were difficult to find. Now the students know the school better, and they walk faster from class to class. Teachers say the new school is a better place to learn, because the rooms are brighter and the classes are quieter during lessons. Even Emre agrees that some things are better, although he still misses the quiet old building.
At lunch, the students talked about the move. Some people miss the old school, but most think the new one is the best place to study. It was a big change, however, and the first week was harder than they expected.
In the end, the students agree on one thing: change is never easy, but it is often good. The new school is bigger, brighter, and more modern than the old one, and most people think it is the best place to study in the town. Some students still miss the old school, and that is normal. As Selin says with a smile, "The old school was nice, but the new one is even better — and next year it will be the best school in the whole city."
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru kelimeyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Why does Selin like the new school? Give two reasons.
2. Compare the A10 and the A20. Which is better for most students, and why?
3. Does everyone feel the same about the change? Explain.
Metinde comparative (daha ...) ve superlative (en ...) yapılarını bul. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
A speaker compares the animals at the zoo. (Bir konuşmacı hayvanat bahçesindeki hayvanları karşılaştırıyor.)
You will hear a short talk about zoo animals. You will listen TWICE. First listen: answer questions 1-5. Second listen: answer questions 6-10. (Kısa bir konuşma dinleyeceksin. Kaydı İKİ kez dinleyeceksin: ilk dinlemede 1-5, ikinci dinlemede 6-10.)
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Bir karşılaştırma yazısı sadece "A daha büyük, B daha küçük" cümlelerinin sıralanması değildir. What turns a list into a real comparison is connectors (bağlaçlar): benzerlikleri ve zıtlıkları gösterirler. Aşağıdaki bağlaçlar karşılaştırma yazısının bel kemiğidir:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Ne işe yarar? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | ve | Benzerlik / ekleme | It is cheaper and quieter. |
| but | ama | Zıtlık gösterir | It is small, but it is modern. |
| however | ancak | Güçlü zıtlık (cümle başı) | The city is busy. However, it is exciting. |
| while | -iken | İki tarafı karşılaştırır | While A is cheaper, B is faster. |
| so | bu yüzden | Sonuç bildirir | It is more comfortable, so I prefer it. |
| because | çünkü | Sebep bildirir | I chose B because it is faster. |
Bir karşılaştırma paragrafı üç bölümden oluşur. This skeleton is the same every time — içini değiştirirsin, yapıyı değiştirmezsin:
| Bölüm | Ne yazılır? | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Giriş (Opening) | İki şeyi tanıt: neyi karşılaştırıyorsun? | I want to compare Istanbul and my small hometown. |
| 2. Gövde (Body) | Farkları comparative/superlative ile ver; bağlaçlarla bağla. | Istanbul is bigger and more crowded, but my town is quieter... |
| 3. Kapanış (Closing) | Tercihini / en iyisini söyle (superlative) | For me, my hometown is the best place to live. |
Compare two cities (for example your city and another one) OR two products (for example two phones). (İki şehri ya da iki ürünü karşılaştır.) Use comparatives and superlatives.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading + listening. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma + dinleme.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Oturum kontrol ediliyor...