Read the rules, study the examples, then do the exercises. (Kuralları oku, örnekleri incele, sonra alıştırmaları yap.)
Bir kişiyi ya da nesneyi tanıtmak istediğinde çoğu zaman iki cümle kurarsın: "I have a friend. She lives in Paris." Sounds a little broken, right? İyi bir İngilizcede bu iki cümleyi tek cümlede birleştiririz: "I have a friend who lives in Paris." İşte bu koyu kısma relative clause (ilgi cümleciği) denir — bir ismi tanımlayan, açıklayan küçük bir cümledir.
Bu bölümde dört kelimeyi öğreneceğiz: who (kişiler için), which (nesneler için), that (her ikisi için) ve where (yerler için). Then we will learn how to join two sentences into one and how to describe people, things and places clearly. Adım adım gidelim.
Relative clause bir ilgi zamiriyle başlar. Which word you choose depends on the noun you describe — bir kişi mi, bir nesne mi, yoksa bir yer mi tanımlıyorsun? Aşağıdaki tablo bütün mantığı özetliyor:
| Kelime | Ne için? | Türkçe mantığı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | kişiler (people) | -en / -an kişi | the girl who sits here |
| which | nesneler / hayvanlar (things) | -en / -an şey | the book which I read |
| that | kişiler ve nesneler (both) | her ikisi de olur | the friend that called · the phone that broke |
| where | yerler (places) | -diği yer | the city where I was born |
A defining relative clause tells us which person or thing we mean. Yani cümleden çıkarırsan, kimden ya da neden bahsettiğimizi anlayamayız — bu yüzden "tanımlayan" denir; bilgi zorunludur. Yapı çok basittir:
Relative clause'un en güçlü işi budur: iki kısa cümleyi tek, akıcı bir cümle yapmak. The trick: iki cümlede ortak olan ismi bul; ikinci cümledeki tekrar eden kelimeyi (he, she, it...) at ve yerine who / which / where koy.
| İki cümle | Birleşmiş cümle |
|---|---|
| I have a friend. She lives in Paris. | I have a friend who lives in Paris. |
| This is the phone. I use it every day. | This is the phone which I use every day. |
| That is the school. I studied there. | That is the school where I studied. |
Konuşma dilinde en sık duyacağın kelime that'tir. In everyday English, that can replace who (for people) and which (for things). Yani emin değilsen "that" de, çoğu zaman doğru olur.
| who / which ile | that ile (aynı anlam) |
|---|---|
| the friend who called me | the friend that called me |
| the phone which broke down | the phone that broke down |
| the students who study here | the students that study here |
Bir yeri tanımlarken (bir şehir, oda, bina, kafe...) where kullanırız. It means "in that place" — o yerde bir şey olur. Türkçedeki "-diği yer" mantığına çok benzer.
Türkçe konuşanların ilgi cümleciklerinde en sık yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Kendi cümlelerini yazarken bu listeyle kontrol et:
| Yanlış ✗ | Doğru ✓ | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| The man which lives here... | The man who lives here... | Kişi için who (which değil). |
| A doctor is a person which helps you. | A doctor is a person who helps you. | person = kişi → who. |
| The book who I read was good. | The book which/that I read was good. | Nesne için which/that (who değil). |
| This is the city who I live. | This is the city where I live. | Yer için where. |
| The girl who she sings is my sister. | The girl who sings is my sister. | who zaten özne; "she"yi tekrar etme. |
| The phone what I bought is fast. | The phone which/that I bought is fast. | "what" ilgi cümleciğinde kullanılmaz. |
Şimdi her şeyi bir arada görelim. Two friends talk about their school and the people in it. Koyu yazılan ilgi cümleciklerine dikkat ederek iki kez oku:
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.) — 10 soru, her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Learn the words, then describe people and places in your own sentences. (Kelimeleri öğren, sonra kişileri ve yerleri kendi cümlelerinde tanımla.)
Write 8 sentences that describe people, places and things. Use at least 8 of the words above. (Kişileri, yerleri ve nesneleri tanımlayan 8 cümle yaz. Yukarıdaki kelimelerden en az 8'ini kullan.)
Sentence starters (Cümle başlatıcıları — istersen bunlarla başla):
Read the text, then answer the questions. (Metni oku, sonra soruları cevapla.)
İyi okuyucular metne hazırlıklı girer. Before you read, think about these three questions (cevapları yazmana gerek yok):
Words to spot (Metinde geçen, Speaking bölümünden tanıdığın kelimeler): person · place · classmate · teacher · camera · friendly · who · which · that · where
Greenhill is a school that has a big garden. The teacher who started the photography club is Mr. Kaya, a man who loves taking pictures. The club meets in a bright room where the light is always good.
My name is Deniz, and I am a student who joined the club this year. I am fourteen years old, and I go to Greenhill with my two best friends. The garden is the place where we sit and talk before the first lesson. There are tall trees that give us shade, and there is a long bench where we wait for the bell. Many students who love plants take photos of the flowers in the garden every morning.
The girl who sits next to me is Elif. She is the friend who took the photo that won a prize last month. Elif works with Can, a student who edits every picture that we post online. Can is a careful person who never misses a small detail.
The club has ten members who meet every Tuesday and Friday. We are teenagers who love cameras, phones and photos. Some of us take pictures of animals, and some of us take pictures of buildings that look old and beautiful. There is a boy who takes photos of the sky, and there is a girl who draws the pictures that we cannot photograph. We are a team that helps each other, and nobody feels alone.
The room where we have our meetings is warm and full of colour. It has an old camera that Mr. Kaya bought in London, and a small plant which Elif waters every week. On the wall there is a photo that shows our first school trip.
There is a shelf in the room where we keep all our things. On it there are photo albums that show the work of older students who left the school last year. Sometimes we look at the albums, and we learn from the pictures that they took. There is also a printer which prints our best photos, and we put them on the wall where everyone can see them.
Every meeting has a plan that Mr. Kaya writes on the board. First, he shows a photo that a famous photographer took, and he asks us questions about it. Then we practise with the cameras that the school gives us. Mr. Kaya is a teacher who is always calm, and he never shouts at a student who makes a mistake. He says that a mistake is a lesson which makes us better.
Near the school there is a small park where we take pictures after class. The person who looks after the park is Mr. Yıldız, a friendly man who knows all the students. He grows the flowers that everyone photographs.
After school, we do our homework first, because our parents are people who care about our marks. But on the weekend, we are free to do the things that we love. Elif and I often go to the park where we take photos of the birds. Can stays at home and edits the pictures on his computer, which is very fast. Then we post the best photos online, and our friends who see them write kind words.
The prize that Elif won last month came from a big photo competition that many schools joined. Our teacher chose three photos which we took in the park, and he sent them to the judges. The judges are people who know a lot about photography. Elif's photo, which showed a small bird on a branch, was the one that won. It was a day that we will never forget, and the whole club was a group that felt very proud.
In May our club had a school trip that everybody loved. We went to a small town by the sea, and we visited an old castle which stands on a hill. We took many photos of the sea, the boats and the streets that were full of shops. Mr. Kaya showed us the best places where the light was soft and warm. In the evening we ate together in a café that had a big garden, and we laughed until it was dark.
Being a member of this club is not only about cameras. It is about the friends who understand you and the people who make you happy. When I feel sad, Elif is the friend who listens to me, and Can is the boy who tells funny jokes. We are teenagers who share our problems and our dreams. School is easier when you have a group that feels like a small family.
Some students in the club have a dream that is very big. Elif wants to be a photographer who travels around the world. Can wants to work in a company that makes films. I am not sure yet, but I know that I love the days which I spend with my friends. Greenhill is a school where every student can find a hobby, and the photography club is the reason I smile on Tuesday mornings.
Greenhill is not a big school, but it is a place where students feel happy. The friends who come to the club every week say the same thing: it is a club that helps us grow, and that is the reason we love it.
Choose the correct answer. (Doğru cevabı seç.)
Are these sentences true or false? (Bu cümleler doğru mu yanlış mı?)
Complete the sentences with the correct relative word (who / which / that / where) from the text. (Cümleleri metindeki doğru ilgi kelimesiyle tamamla.)
Write your answer in your own words. (Cevabını kendi cümlelerinle yaz.) Bu sorular otomatik puanlanmaz.
1. Who is Elif, and what did she do?
2. Where does the club take pictures, and who looks after that place?
3. Why do the students love the photography club?
Metinde who, which, that ve where ilgi kelimelerini bul — her biri en az bir kez geçiyor. (Writing bölümünde bu yapıları kendi yazında kullanacaksın.) Bulduklarını not et, sonra kontrol et.
Play a describing game, then do the extra practice quiz. (Bir tanımlama oyunu oyna, sonra ekstra alıştırma testini yap.)
Bir kelime söylemeden, o şeyi tanımlayarak anlat — tıpkı Türkçedeki "Tabu" gibi. Describe a person, a place or a thing using who, which or where, and let your partner guess the word. Önce örnek diyaloğa bak:
Şimdi sıra sende. Describe each of these out loud with a relative clause — sesli olarak, who/which/where kullanarak. Mümkünse bir arkadaşınla tahmin oyunu oyna. Amaç: bir ismi rahatça tanımlayabilmek.
Söylediğin tanımları yazıya dök ve öğretmenine gönder — istersen. (Write down your descriptions and submit them for feedback — optional.) 4-6 cümle, her birinde bir ilgi cümleciği kullan.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will review your speaking task.)
10 questions on relative clauses — who, which, that and where mixed. (10 soru: karışık ilgi cümlecikleri.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Write and submit your paragraph; your teacher will review it. (Paragrafını yaz ve gönder; öğretmenin değerlendirecek.)
Kısa, kopuk cümleler bir yazıyı zayıf gösterir. What makes writing sound natural and mature is relative clauses: kişileri, yerleri ve nesneleri tek cümlede tanımlar, iki fikri akıcı biçimde birleştirirler. Bir de bağlaçları (and, but, so, because, when...) eklersen, yazın gerçek bir metne dönüşür.
Farkı gör — aynı bilgiler, iki farklı yazım:
| Kopuk cümleler ✗ | Relative clause + bağlaç ile ✓ |
|---|---|
| I have a friend. Her name is Deniz. She lives in Izmir. Izmir is a city. I love it. | I have a friend who is called Deniz, and she lives in Izmir, a city which I love because the sea is very close. |
A2 boyunca öğrendiğin bağlaçlar. This is your toolbox — bunları relative clause'larla birlikte kullan:
| Bağlaç | Anlamı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| and | ve | a friend who is kind and funny |
| but | ama | a place which is small but beautiful |
| so | bu yüzden | He is friendly, so everyone likes him. |
| because | çünkü | I love the café because it is quiet. |
| when | -diğinde | She smiles when she sees me. |
Write about the important people and places in your life. (Hayatındaki önemli kişileri ve yerleri anlat.) Use relative clauses.
Değerlendirme öğretmenin tarafından yapılacak. (Your teacher will evaluate your writing.)
Mixed questions from the whole unit, then check what you can do. (Ünitenin tamamından karışık sorular; sonra neler yapabildiğini işaretle.)
14 questions: grammar + vocabulary + reading. (14 soru: gramer + kelime + okuma.) Her soru anında değerlendirilir.
Tick what you can do now. Honest answers help your teacher. (Şu an yapabildiklerini işaretle. Dürüst cevaplar öğretmenine yol gösterir.)
İşaretlemediğin madde varsa ilgili bölüme dönüp tekrar çalış — soldaki menüden her bölüme geri dönebilirsin.
Bu, A2 seviyesinin son ünitesiydi. Geçmiş zamanlardan geleceğe, karşılaştırmalardan koşul cümlelerine ve şimdi ilgi cümleciklerine kadar 12 ünitenin tamamını tamamladın. Artık kişileri, yerleri ve olayları çok daha zengin cümlelerle anlatabilirsin. Sıradaki durak: B1. Emeğin için kendini kutla ve öğrenmeye devam et.
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