IELTS Academic'te en yüksek getiri, "havalı" kelimelerden değil, akademik çekirdek kelimeden gelir. Bu rehber Academic Word List (AWL) mantığını, kademeli sublist yapısını, genel dilden akademik dile geçiş çiftlerini, akademik collocation'ları, nominalization'ı ve tema tema kelime kümelerini kendi özgün örneklerimizle anlatır. Amaç kelime ezberi değil, akademik kayıtta doğru kelimeyi doğru yerde üretebilmektir.
In IELTS Academic, the highest return comes not from "fancy" words but from core academic vocabulary. This guide explains the logic of the Academic Word List (AWL), the tiered sublist structure, the general-to-academic upgrade pairs, academic collocations, nominalisation and theme-by-theme word clusters, all with our own original examples. The aim is not vocabulary memorisation but being able to produce the right word in the right place, in an academic register.
Kelime Stratejisi sayfası "kelimeyi nasıl kullanırsın"ı anlatır; bu sayfa ise "hangi kelime akademik ve neden" sorusuna odaklanır. İkisi kardeş: strateji + akademik kelime havuzu birlikte Band 7+ Lexical Resource verir.
Academic Word List (AWL), akademik metinlerde — makaleler, ders kitapları, araştırma yazıları — sürekli tekrar eden ama günlük konuşmada nadir görülen kelimelerin listesidir. Fikir şudur: akademik yazının belirli bir "orta katmanı" vardır. Bu katman ne alana özgü teknik terimlerdir (photosynthesis, mitochondria) ne de en temel günlük kelimelerdir (house, water, go). Aradaki bu akademik çekirdek kelimeler her disiplinde ortaktır: analyse, factor, significant, approach, concept, establish. Kaynak akademik metnin büyük bir bölümünü işte bu ortak katman taşır.
IELTS Academic bunu doğrudan ödüllendirir. Değerlendirici, Lexical Resource ölçütünde "konuya uygun, az-yaygın (less common) kelime" arar. Akademik çekirdek kelime tam olarak bu tanıma girer: günlük değil, ama zorlama da değil; doğal biçimde akademiktir. Bir aday The government should think about this yerine The government should consider this approach yazdığında, aynı fikri daha akademik bir kayıtta ifade etmiş olur ve puan yükselir.
Telif notu: AWL, dil eğitimci Averil Coxhead'in derlediği yaklaşık 570 kelime ailesinden oluşan tanınmış bir akademik kavramdır. Bu sayfada listenin kendisini kopyalamıyoruz; yalnızca mantığını anlatıyor ve tümüyle kendi özgün örnek kelime ve cümlelerimizle gösteriyoruz. Ham kelime çalışmasını sayfa sonundaki Kelime Bankası'ndan yaparsın.
AWL "kelime" değil "kelime ailesi" sayar. Bir aile, kök kelime + türevlerinden oluşur. Örneğin analyse ailesi tek bir kalem sayılır ama şunları kapsar: analyses, analysed, analysing, analysis, analyst, analytical, analytically. Sen bir aileyi öğrenirken tüm biçimlerini öğrenmelisin, çünkü sınavda çoğu zaman isim biçimi (analysis) yerine sıfat biçimi (analytical) gerekir.
Akademik metnin kelime katmanlarını üç kata ayırmak, neye çalışman gerektiğini netleştirir. En altta yüksek-frekanslı çekirdek (günlük 2000 kelime) vardır; bunu zaten bilirsin. En üstte alana özgü teknik terimler vardır; bunları yalnızca ilgili pasajda görürsün. İkisinin arasında, her disiplinde ortak olan akademik çekirdek katman yatar — işte IELTS'in ödüllendirdiği ve bu sayfanın odaklandığı katman budur.
Konuşmanın gövdesi: people, make, good, think, want. Anlaşılırsın ama akademik değilsin. IELTS bu katmanda kalırsan Band 5-6'da tutar.
Her makalede geçen ortak katman: significant, establish, factor, approach, consequence. Getirisi en yüksek katman; Band 7+ tam olarak burada başlar.
Alana özgü: photosynthesis, inflation, algorithm. Yalnız konu gerektiriyorsa kullan; ezberlemeye değil, tanımaya çalış.
Bu üç katın anlamı şudur: sınırlı çalışma zamanını orta kata yatır. Alt katı zaten biliyorsun, üst katı ise pasaj sana verir. Orta kattaki her yeni aile hem Reading'de daha hızlı okumanı hem de Writing ve Speaking'de daha akademik üretmeni sağlar — yani dört becerinin dördüne birden dokunur. Bu yüzden akademik çekirdek kelime, IELTS hazırlığında en yüksek "getiri/zaman" oranına sahip yatırımdır.
The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of words that recur constantly in academic texts — articles, textbooks, research papers — but are rare in everyday speech. The idea is this: academic writing has a certain "middle layer". This layer is neither field-specific technical terms (photosynthesis, mitochondria) nor the most basic everyday words (house, water, go). This academic core in between is common to every discipline: analyse, factor, significant, approach, concept, establish. A large part of a source academic text is carried by exactly this common layer.
IELTS Academic rewards this directly. In the Lexical Resource criterion, the examiner looks for "topic-appropriate, less common (less common) vocabulary". Academic core words fit this description exactly: not everyday, but not forced either; naturally academic. When a candidate writes The government should consider this approach instead of The government should think about this, they express the same idea in a more academic register and the score rises.
Copyright note: The AWL is a well-known academic concept compiled by the language educator Averil Coxhead, made up of about 570 word families. On this page we do not copy the list itself; we only explain its logic and illustrate it entirely with our own original example words and sentences. You do the raw word study from the Word Bank at the end of the page.
The AWL counts not "words" but "word families". A family consists of a root word + its derivatives. For example, the analyse family counts as a single item but covers: analyses, analysed, analysing, analysis, analyst, analytical, analytically. When you learn a family, you should learn all its forms, because in the exam you often need the adjective form (analytical) rather than the noun (analysis).
Dividing the vocabulary layers of an academic text into three tiers clarifies what you need to study. At the bottom is the high-frequency core (the everyday 2000 words); you already know these. At the top are field-specific technical terms; you see these only in the relevant passage. Between the two lies the academic core layer, common to every discipline — this is the layer IELTS rewards and this page focuses on.
The body of speech: people, make, good, think, want. You are understood but not academic. Staying in this layer keeps IELTS at Band 5-6.
The common layer in every article: significant, establish, factor, approach, consequence. The highest-return layer; Band 7+ begins exactly here.
Field-specific: photosynthesis, inflation, algorithm. Use only if the topic requires it; aim to recognise, not memorise.
The meaning of these three tiers is this: invest your limited study time in the middle tier. You already know the bottom tier, and the passage gives you the top tier. Every new family in the middle tier lets you both read faster in Reading and produce more academically in Writing and Speaking — so it touches all four skills at once. That is why academic core vocabulary is the investment with the highest "return per hour" in IELTS preparation.
AWL, kelimeleri sıklığa göre 10 alt-listeye (sublist) ayırır. Sublist 1 akademik metinlerde en sık geçen aileleri, Sublist 10 ise en seyrek geçenleri barındırır. Bu, çalışma sırası için altın değerinde bir haritadır: Sublist 1'den başla, aşağı in. Erken kademeler getirisi en yüksek kelimelerdir; çünkü hem en sık okuduğun kelimelerdir hem de kendi yazında en çok işine yararlar.
Aşağıda her kademeden birkaç örnek aile ve bir kendi örnek cümlemizi veriyoruz. Bu tam liste değildir — kademelerin nasıl bir yoğunluk taşıdığını göstermek için seçilmiş örneklerdir.
| Kademe | Örnek aileler | Sıklık / getiri |
|---|---|---|
| Sublist 1 | analyse, approach, area, concept, data, factor, method, process, research, significant | En sık · en yüksek getiri |
| Sublist 2 | affect, achieve, aspect, category, feature, region, secure, task | Çok sık |
| Sublist 3 | alternative, circumstances, illustrate, justify, obtain, partner, series | Sık |
| Sublist 4 | access, adequate, annual, impact, injure, overall, resolve | Sık |
| Sublist 5 | academic, adjust, capacity, generation, image, network, revenue | Orta |
| Sublist 6 | assess, differentiate, expose, framework, incentive, migrate | Orta |
| Sublist 7 | adapt, comprehensive, incline, integrity, straightforward, transit | Daha seyrek |
| Sublist 8 | abstract, accumulate, discrete, inherent, manipulate, offset | Seyrek |
| Sublist 9 | accommodate, ceases, forthcoming, likewise, notwithstanding | Çok seyrek |
| Sublist 10 | adjacent, colleague, compile, integral, persistent, whereby | En seyrek · uzman katman |
Tek cümlede beş Sublist 1 kelimesi doğal biçimde geçebilir — bu yüzden erken kademelere yatırım getirisi çok yüksektir.
Her kademenin "sesini" duymak için, aşağıda Sublist 2'den 10'a kadar her kademeden özgün birer örnek cümle veriyoruz. Kademe yükseldikçe kelimelerin daha soyut ve daha "yazınsal" bir tona kaydığına dikkat et; erken kademeler somut ve her essay'de işine yararken geç kademeler yalnızca uygun bağlamda parlar.
Bu kademe farkını iki uçtan somutlaştıralım. Sublist 1'deki significant öyle bir kelimedir ki neredeyse her Task 2 essay'inde en az bir kez işine yarar: bir eğilimi, bir farkı, bir bulguyu nitelemek için doğal biçimde akar (a significant proportion, significant improvement, significantly higher). Bu yüzden onu ezber değil, refleks düzeyinde otomatikleştirmen gerekir — düşünmeden gelmelidir. Türk öğrencinin buradaki tipik hatası ise significant yerine "büyük" karşılığı sanıp big kullanmakta ısrar etmesi; bu tek tercih bile bir cümleyi Band 6 kaydında tutar. Öte yandan Sublist 9'daki notwithstanding, anlamı ("-e rağmen") güçlü olsa da yalnızca çok özel bir sözdizimsel bağlamda doğru oturur ve yanlış yerde kullanıldığında yapaylık yaratır. Kademenin verdiği ders nettir: erken kademe kelimeleri üretim için, geç kademe kelimeleri çoğunlukla tanıma için öğrenilir. Reading'de notwithstanding gördüğünde anlamını bilmen yeter; onu kendi yazına zorla sokman gerekmez.
Sublist 10'daki nadir kelimeleri ezberleyip Sublist 1'i atlamak. notwithstanding bilmek etkileyici görünür ama sınavda significant, approach ve factor kelimelerini her essay'de kullanırsın. Önce sık olanı otomatikleştir.
The AWL divides words into 10 sublists by frequency. Sublist 1 holds the families most frequent in academic texts, Sublist 10 the least frequent. This is a golden map for study order: start with Sublist 1 and work down. The early tiers are the highest-return words, because they are both the words you read most often and the ones most useful in your own writing.
Below we give a few example families from each tier and one example sentence of our own. This is not the full list — the examples are selected to show what density each tier carries.
| Tier | Example families | Frequency / return |
|---|---|---|
| Sublist 1 | analyse, approach, area, concept, data, factor, method, process, research, significant | Most frequent · highest return |
| Sublist 2 | affect, achieve, aspect, category, feature, region, secure, task | Very frequent |
| Sublist 3 | alternative, circumstances, illustrate, justify, obtain, partner, series | Frequent |
| Sublist 4 | access, adequate, annual, impact, injure, overall, resolve | Frequent |
| Sublist 5 | academic, adjust, capacity, generation, image, network, revenue | Moderate |
| Sublist 6 | assess, differentiate, expose, framework, incentive, migrate | Moderate |
| Sublist 7 | adapt, comprehensive, incline, integrity, straightforward, transit | Less frequent |
| Sublist 8 | abstract, accumulate, discrete, inherent, manipulate, offset | Rare |
| Sublist 9 | accommodate, ceases, forthcoming, likewise, notwithstanding | Very rare |
| Sublist 10 | adjacent, colleague, compile, integral, persistent, whereby | Least frequent · specialist layer |
Five Sublist 1 words can appear naturally in a single sentence — which is why the return on investing in the early tiers is so high.
To hear the "voice" of each tier, below we give one original example sentence from each tier, Sublist 2 through 10. Notice that as the tier rises, the words drift towards a more abstract, more "literary" tone; the early tiers are concrete and useful in every essay, while the later tiers only shine in the right context.
Let's make this tier difference concrete from both ends. significant in Sublist 1 is a word so useful that it comes in handy at least once in almost every Task 2 essay: it flows naturally to qualify a trend, a difference or a finding (a significant proportion, significant improvement, significantly higher). So you should automate it not to memory level but to reflex level — it must come without thinking. The Turkish student's typical error here is insisting on big, thinking it means "big", instead of significant; that single choice keeps a sentence in the Band 6 register. On the other hand, notwithstanding in Sublist 9, however strong its meaning ("despite"), fits correctly only in a very specific syntactic context and creates artificiality when misused. The lesson the tier gives is clear: early-tier words are learned for production, later-tier words mostly for recognition. When you see notwithstanding in Reading, it is enough to know its meaning; you don't have to force it into your own writing.
Memorising the rare words in Sublist 10 while skipping Sublist 1. Knowing notwithstanding looks impressive, but in the exam you use significant, approach and factor in every essay. Automate the frequent ones first.
Akademik yazının en hızlı kazancı, günlük fiil ve sıfatları akademik karşılıklarıyla değiştirmektir. Aşağıdaki tablo en sık gereken yükseltme çiftlerini verir. Kural: anlamı değiştirmeden kaydı yükselt — get yerine obtain, show yerine demonstrate.
| Genel (günlük) | Akademik yükseltme | Örnek akademik kullanım |
|---|---|---|
| get | obtain, acquire | Researchers obtained the samples from three regions. |
| show | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate | The findings demonstrate a clear correlation. |
| big | significant, substantial, considerable | A substantial proportion of respondents disagreed. |
| a lot of | numerous, a considerable amount of | Numerous studies support this conclusion. |
| make (yaratmak) | generate, produce, create | The policy generated unexpected outcomes. |
| use | utilise, employ, adopt | The study employed a mixed-methods approach. |
| help | facilitate, contribute to, aid | Subsidies can facilitate wider access. |
| think about | consider, examine, evaluate | Policymakers must consider the long-term impact. |
| start | initiate, establish, commence | The council initiated a recycling scheme. |
| tell | state, argue, maintain, claim | Critics argue that the reform is inadequate. |
| enough | adequate, sufficient | The infrastructure is not adequate for demand. |
| need (isim) | requirement, necessity, demand | There is a growing requirement for green energy. |
| change (fiil) | alter, modify, transform | Automation has transformed the labour market. |
| get worse | deteriorate, worsen, decline | Air quality has deteriorated in urban centres. |
| find out | identify, reveal, determine | The survey identified three underlying causes. |
| deal with | address, tackle, manage | Governments must address rising inequality. |
| a lot (çok, zarf) | considerably, substantially, markedly | Costs rose considerably over the decade. |
| so (bu yüzden) | therefore, consequently, thus | Demand fell; consequently, prices dropped. |
| but (yine de) | however, nevertheless, whereas | The plan is costly; nevertheless, it is necessary. |
| let (izin/olanak) | enable, allow, permit | Technology enables remote collaboration. |
| stop (önlemek) | prevent, curb, restrict | Regulation can curb excessive emissions. |
| go up / go down | rise / decline, increase / decrease | Enrolment rose sharply before it declined. |
| important | crucial, essential, paramount | Early intervention is crucial for recovery. |
Bu çiftleri ezberlemek yeterli değildir; hangisinin hangi bağlama oturduğunu görmelisin. Örneğin obtain resmi bir "elde etme"dir (veri, izin, sonuç); acquire ise zamanla edinmeyi (beceri, alışkanlık, şirket) anlatır. Aynı biçimde demonstrate "kanıtla göstermek", indicate ise "işaret etmek/ima etmek"tir — grafik indicates a trend der ama araştırma demonstrates a link der. Yükseltme çiftini bir örnek cümleyle birlikte belleğe al; kelime + bağlam birlikte kalıcı olur.
Bu tablodaki en yüksek getirili üç çiftin altını özellikle çizelim, çünkü sınavda en sık bu üç yerde puan kaybedilir. Birincisi show → demonstrate/indicate/illustrate: pek çok aday tüm essay boyunca show tekrar eder, oysa "kanıtla ortaya koymak" (demonstrate), "grafikte işaret etmek" (indicate) ve "örnekle açıklamak" (illustrate) farklı işlerdir; doğru olanı seçmek hem Lexical Resource'ta çeşitlilik hem de anlam kesinliği kazandırır ve bu iki şey Band 7'nin tam tanımıdır. İkincisi important → crucial/essential/paramount: burada tuzak, üçünün aynı olmadığıdır — essential "olmazsa olmaz" (bir koşul), crucial "belirleyici" (bir sonuca etki), paramount ise "her şeyin üstünde" demektir ve fazla kullanılırsa aşırı-formal kaçar. Üçüncüsü so → therefore/consequently/thus: Türk öğrenci konuşma dilindeki "so"yu yazıya taşıdığında değerlendirici bunu anında düşük kayıt olarak okur; tek bir consequently bağlacı aynı cümleyi akademik düzleme taşır. Yani yükseltme çiftleri süs değil, doğrudan band ölçütüne dokunan araçlardır.
Yükseltme "eş anlamlı bul, yapıştır" değildir. obtain ile get aynı çekirdek anlamı taşır ama acquire daha çok "zamanla edinme"dir. Yanlış nüans, akademik görünmek isterken hataya dönüşür. Her yükseltmeyi bir örnek cümlede gör, sonra kullan.
The fastest gain in academic writing is replacing everyday verbs and adjectives with their academic equivalents. The table below gives the most frequently needed upgrade pairs. The rule: raise the register without changing the meaning — obtain instead of get, demonstrate instead of show.
| General (everyday) | Academic upgrade | Example academic use |
|---|---|---|
| get | obtain, acquire | Researchers obtained the samples from three regions. |
| show | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate | The findings demonstrate a clear correlation. |
| big | significant, substantial, considerable | A substantial proportion of respondents disagreed. |
| a lot of | numerous, a considerable amount of | Numerous studies support this conclusion. |
| make (create) | generate, produce, create | The policy generated unexpected outcomes. |
| use | utilise, employ, adopt | The study employed a mixed-methods approach. |
| help | facilitate, contribute to, aid | Subsidies can facilitate wider access. |
| think about | consider, examine, evaluate | Policymakers must consider the long-term impact. |
| start | initiate, establish, commence | The council initiated a recycling scheme. |
| tell | state, argue, maintain, claim | Critics argue that the reform is inadequate. |
| enough | adequate, sufficient | The infrastructure is not adequate for demand. |
| need (noun) | requirement, necessity, demand | There is a growing requirement for green energy. |
| change (verb) | alter, modify, transform | Automation has transformed the labour market. |
| get worse | deteriorate, worsen, decline | Air quality has deteriorated in urban centres. |
| find out | identify, reveal, determine | The survey identified three underlying causes. |
| deal with | address, tackle, manage | Governments must address rising inequality. |
| a lot (much, adverb) | considerably, substantially, markedly | Costs rose considerably over the decade. |
| so (therefore) | therefore, consequently, thus | Demand fell; consequently, prices dropped. |
| but (nevertheless) | however, nevertheless, whereas | The plan is costly; nevertheless, it is necessary. |
| let (permit/enable) | enable, allow, permit | Technology enables remote collaboration. |
| stop (prevent) | prevent, curb, restrict | Regulation can curb excessive emissions. |
| go up / go down | rise / decline, increase / decrease | Enrolment rose sharply before it declined. |
| important | crucial, essential, paramount | Early intervention is crucial for recovery. |
Memorising these pairs is not enough; you must see which fits which context. For example, obtain is a formal "getting" (data, permission, a result); acquire is acquiring over time (a skill, a habit, a company). Likewise, demonstrate is "to show with proof", while indicate is "to point to / suggest" — a graph indicates a trend but research demonstrates a link. Commit the upgrade pair to memory together with an example sentence; word + context stick together.
Let us underline the three highest-return pairs in this table in particular, because these are the three places where marks are most often lost in the exam. First, show → demonstrate/indicate/illustrate: many candidates repeat show throughout the essay, whereas "to establish with proof" (demonstrate), "to point to in a graph" (indicate) and "to explain with an example" (illustrate) are different jobs; choosing the right one gains both variety in Lexical Resource and precision of meaning, and these two things are exactly the definition of Band 7. Second, important → crucial/essential/paramount: the trap here is that the three are not the same — essential is "indispensable" (a condition), crucial is "decisive" (affecting an outcome), and paramount is "above all else" and sounds over-formal if overused. Third, so → therefore/consequently/thus: when the Turkish student carries the conversational "so" into writing, the examiner reads it instantly as low register; a single consequently lifts the same sentence to an academic plane. In other words, the upgrade pairs are not decoration but tools that touch the band criteria directly.
An upgrade is not "find a synonym and paste it". obtain and get share the same core meaning, but acquire is more about "acquiring over time". A wrong nuance turns into an error while you are trying to look academic. See every upgrade in an example sentence, then use it.
Akademik kelime tek başına yaşamaz; belirli fiil, sıfat ve edatlarla eşleşir. Bu collocation'lardır ve akademik doğallığın kalbidir. conduct research denir, make research denmez; pose a threat denir, give a threat denmez. Aşağıdaki set, IELTS akademik yazıda en çok işine yarayacak collocation'ları ve Türkçe işlevlerini verir.
| Akademik collocation | Türkçe işlev / anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| conduct research / conduct a study | araştırma yürütmek | The team conducted a longitudinal study. |
| play a (pivotal) role | (hayati) bir rol oynamak | Schools play a pivotal role in social mobility. |
| pose a threat / pose a risk | bir tehdit/risk oluşturmak | Plastic waste poses a serious threat to marine life. |
| draw a conclusion | sonuç çıkarmak | It is difficult to draw a firm conclusion from limited data. |
| raise awareness | farkındalık artırmak | Campaigns raise public awareness of recycling. |
| meet a need / meet demand | bir ihtiyacı/talebi karşılamak | Current supply cannot meet growing demand. |
| address an issue / tackle a problem | bir sorunu ele almak | Policymakers must address the root causes. |
| have a (profound) impact on | üzerinde (derin) etki bırakmak | Automation has a profound impact on employment. |
| implement a policy / a measure | bir politikayı/önlemi uygulamak | The city implemented strict emission measures. |
| achieve a goal / a balance | bir hedefe/dengeye ulaşmak | Societies struggle to achieve a balance between growth and welfare. |
| gain access to | erişim elde etmek | Rural students gain access to online courses. |
| provide evidence / provide support | kanıt/destek sağlamak | The data provide strong evidence for this claim. |
| reach a consensus | uzlaşıya varmak | Experts have yet to reach a consensus on the issue. |
| exert influence / exert pressure | etki/baskı uygulamak | Media can exert considerable influence on opinion. |
| bridge a gap | bir açığı kapatmak | Scholarships help bridge the gap between rich and poor. |
| impose a ban / impose restrictions | yasak/kısıtlama getirmek | Several countries imposed a ban on single-use plastic. |
| undergo a change / a transformation | bir değişimden geçmek | The industry has undergone a rapid transformation. |
| place emphasis on | vurgu yapmak | Modern curricula place greater emphasis on creativity. |
| yield results / yield benefits | sonuç/fayda vermek | Long-term investment yields substantial benefits. |
| strike a balance between | ...arasında denge kurmak | We must strike a balance between privacy and security. |
Bu listede Türk öğrencinin en çok tökezlediği üç collocation'ı derinlemesine açalım, çünkü bunlar Türkçeden kelimesi kelimesine çevrilince bozulur. İlki conduct research: Türkçe "araştırma yapmak" dendiği için el otomatik olarak make research ya da do research yazar — do research konuşmada geçebilir ama akademik yazının standart fiili conduct'tır (conduct a study, conduct an experiment); make research ise düpedüz yanlıştır ve değerlendiricinin gözünde Lexical Resource'u anında düşürür. İkincisi pose a threat: "tehdit oluşturmak"ın doğru fiili pose'dur (pose a risk, pose a challenge); give a threat ya da make a threat denmez — make a threat zaten farklı bir anlama ("birini tehdit etmek") kayar, yani hem collocation hem anlam hatası olur. Üçüncüsü have a profound impact on: burada tehlike edattır — etki her zaman on ile gelir (impact on employment), impact to ya da impact for değil; ayrıca make an impact yerine akademik metin have an impact der. Ne zaman aşırı-formal olur? exert influence ya da yield benefits gibi ileri collocation'ları her cümlede kullanmaya çalışırsan; bunlar güçlüdür ama seyrek serpiştirildiğinde parlar, her paragrafa sıkıştırıldığında yapaylaşır.
Yeni bir akademik isim öğrenirken (threat, role, impact, conclusion) yanındaki fiili birlikte not al. Sözlükte kelimeye değil, örnek cümledeki eşine bak. Tek bir doğru collocation, üç nadir kelimeden daha çok Band puanı taşır.
An academic word does not live alone; it pairs with certain verbs, adjectives and prepositions. These are collocations and they are the heart of academic naturalness. One says conduct research, not make research; one says pose a threat, not give a threat. The set below gives the collocations most useful to you in IELTS academic writing and their function.
| Academic collocation | Function / meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| conduct research / conduct a study | to carry out research | The team conducted a longitudinal study. |
| play a (pivotal) role | to play a (pivotal) role | Schools play a pivotal role in social mobility. |
| pose a threat / pose a risk | to pose a threat/risk | Plastic waste poses a serious threat to marine life. |
| draw a conclusion | to reach a conclusion | It is difficult to draw a firm conclusion from limited data. |
| raise awareness | to increase awareness | Campaigns raise public awareness of recycling. |
| meet a need / meet demand | to meet a need/demand | Current supply cannot meet growing demand. |
| address an issue / tackle a problem | to deal with a problem | Policymakers must address the root causes. |
| have a (profound) impact on | to have a (profound) effect on | Automation has a profound impact on employment. |
| implement a policy / a measure | to implement a policy/measure | The city implemented strict emission measures. |
| achieve a goal / a balance | to reach a goal/balance | Societies struggle to achieve a balance between growth and welfare. |
| gain access to | to gain access | Rural students gain access to online courses. |
| provide evidence / provide support | to provide evidence/support | The data provide strong evidence for this claim. |
| reach a consensus | to reach a consensus | Experts have yet to reach a consensus on the issue. |
| exert influence / exert pressure | to exert influence/pressure | Media can exert considerable influence on opinion. |
| bridge a gap | to close a gap | Scholarships help bridge the gap between rich and poor. |
| impose a ban / impose restrictions | to introduce a ban/restrictions | Several countries imposed a ban on single-use plastic. |
| undergo a change / a transformation | to go through a change/transformation | The industry has undergone a rapid transformation. |
| place emphasis on | to put emphasis on | Modern curricula place greater emphasis on creativity. |
| yield results / yield benefits | to produce results/benefits | Long-term investment yields substantial benefits. |
| strike a balance between | to strike a balance between… | We must strike a balance between privacy and security. |
Let's open up in depth the three collocations Turkish students stumble over most in this list, because these break down when translated word for word from Turkish. The first is conduct research: because Turkish says "do research", the hand automatically writes make research or do research — do research may pass in speech, but the standard verb of academic writing is conduct (conduct a study, conduct an experiment); make research is simply wrong and drops Lexical Resource instantly in the examiner's eyes. The second is pose a threat: the correct verb for "posing a threat" is pose (pose a risk, pose a challenge); one does not say give a threat or make a threat — make a threat already shifts to a different meaning ("to threaten someone"), so it is both a collocation and a meaning error. The third is have a profound impact on: here the danger is the preposition — impact always comes with on (impact on employment), not impact to or impact for; and academic text says have an impact rather than make an impact. When does it become over-formal? When you try to use advanced collocations like exert influence or yield benefits in every sentence; these are strong, but they shine when sprinkled sparingly and turn artificial when crammed into every paragraph.
When you learn a new academic noun (threat, role, impact, conclusion), note down the verb that comes with it as well. In the dictionary look not at the word but at its partner in the example sentence. One correct collocation carries more band marks than three rare words.
Nominalization, bir fiili veya sıfatı isme çevirerek cümleyi daha yoğun ve akademik yapmaktır. Günlük dil fiil-ağırlıklıdır; akademik dil isim-ağırlıklıdır. Örneğin Prices increased rapidly, and this affected demand günlük bir kurgudur; akademik biçimi The rapid increase in prices affected demand olur. Fiil (increase) isme dönüşünce cümle sıkışır, bir tümce yerine bir öbek yeter.
| Fiil / sıfat (günlük) | İsim biçimi (akademik) | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| to grow | growth | the rapid growth of cities |
| to analyse | analysis | a detailed analysis of the data |
| to reduce | reduction | a sharp reduction in emissions |
| to develop | development | the development of new technologies |
| to fail | failure | the failure of the policy |
| poor | poverty | the persistence of poverty |
| to consume | consumption | a rise in energy consumption |
| to migrate | migration | the migration of workers to cities |
| to explain | explanation | a plausible explanation for the trend |
| able | ability | the ability to adapt quickly |
| to rely on | reliance | excessive reliance on fossil fuels |
| to expose | exposure | prolonged exposure to screens |
Nominalization neden puan getirir? Çünkü akademik yazının iki temel özelliğini aynı anda sağlar: yoğunluk ve nesnellik. İsimleştirme, bir olayı öznesinden koparıp bağımsız bir kavram gibi ele almanı sağlar. People consume too much energy kişisel ve gündeliktir; Excessive energy consumption ise ölçülebilir, tartışılabilir bir kavramdır — bir cümlenin öznesi olabilir, sıfat alabilir, başka bir cümleye gömülebilir.
Because cities grew so fast, they became polluted, and this made people unhealthy.
Üç ayrı yan cümle; gevşek ve konuşma tonunda.
The rapid growth of cities and the resulting pollution have contributed to declining public health.
Aynı fikir; iki isim öbeği, tek yoğun cümle.
1) Cümlendeki ana fiili veya sıfatı bul (prices increased). 2) Onu isme çevir (the increase in prices). 3) Bu ismi yeni cümlenin öznesi yap ve güçlü bir akademik fiille bağla (The increase in prices reduced demand). Böylece iki günlük cümle, tek akademik cümlede birleşir.
Her cümleyi isme boğmak yazıyı ağır ve okunmaz yapar. Nominalization bir araçtır, hedef değil. IELTS'te doğal denge ara: bazı cümleler fiil-ağırlıklı, bazıları isim-ağırlıklı olsun. Ayrıntı için Nominalization ve Academic Register sayfalarına bak.
Nominalisation is turning a verb or adjective into a noun to make a sentence denser and more academic. Everyday language is verb-heavy; academic language is noun-heavy. For example, Prices increased rapidly, and this affected demand is an everyday construction; its academic form is The rapid increase in prices affected demand. When the verb (increase) becomes a noun, the sentence contracts and a phrase does the job of a clause.
| Verb / adjective (everyday) | Noun form (academic) | Example |
|---|---|---|
| to grow | growth | the rapid growth of cities |
| to analyse | analysis | a detailed analysis of the data |
| to reduce | reduction | a sharp reduction in emissions |
| to develop | development | the development of new technologies |
| to fail | failure | the failure of the policy |
| poor | poverty | the persistence of poverty |
| to consume | consumption | a rise in energy consumption |
| to migrate | migration | the migration of workers to cities |
| to explain | explanation | a plausible explanation for the trend |
| able | ability | the ability to adapt quickly |
| to rely on | reliance | excessive reliance on fossil fuels |
| to expose | exposure | prolonged exposure to screens |
Why does nominalisation earn marks? Because it delivers two core features of academic writing at once: density and objectivity. Nominalisation lets you detach an event from its subject and treat it as an independent concept. People consume too much energy is personal and everyday; Excessive energy consumption is a measurable, debatable concept — it can be the subject of a sentence, take an adjective, be embedded in another sentence.
Because cities grew so fast, they became polluted, and this made people unhealthy.
Three separate clauses; loose and conversational in tone.
The rapid growth of cities and the resulting pollution have contributed to declining public health.
The same idea; two noun phrases, one dense sentence.
1) Find the main verb or adjective in your sentence (prices increased). 2) Turn it into a noun (the increase in prices). 3) Make that noun the subject of a new sentence and link it with a strong academic verb (The increase in prices reduced demand). Thus two everyday sentences merge into a single academic one.
Drowning every sentence in nouns makes the writing heavy and unreadable. Nominalisation is a tool, not a goal. In IELTS seek a natural balance: let some sentences be verb-heavy, some noun-heavy. For detail, see the Nominalization and Academic Register pages.
IELTS aynı kelimeyi tekrar etmeyi cezalandırır — hem soruyu parafraz etmen hem de yazı boyunca eş anlamlıları döndürmen gerekir. Task 1'de increase/decrease ailesi, Task 2'de important/cause/problem aileleri hayati önemdedir. Aşağıdaki gruplar, kaydı bozmadan çeşitlilik için hazır cephanedir.
| Çekirdek kavram | Akademik eş anlamlı grubu |
|---|---|
| increase (artış) | rise, grow, climb, surge, escalate, expand |
| decrease (düşüş) | decline, fall, drop, diminish, dwindle, contract |
| important | significant, crucial, vital, essential, pivotal, key |
| cause (fiil) | lead to, result in, give rise to, trigger, bring about, contribute to |
| problem | issue, challenge, obstacle, drawback, dilemma, setback |
| effect (isim) | impact, consequence, outcome, result, implication, repercussion |
| idea | concept, notion, principle, argument, view, perspective |
| good (olumlu) | beneficial, advantageous, positive, favourable, valuable |
| bad (olumsuz) | detrimental, adverse, harmful, negative, damaging |
| people (insanlar) | individuals, citizens, the public, the population, society |
| a lot / many | numerous, a great deal of, a considerable number of, the majority of |
| show (göstermek) | demonstrate, reveal, indicate, illustrate, highlight |
| solve (çözmek) | address, resolve, tackle, combat, mitigate |
| think (düşünmek/görüş) | argue, maintain, contend, believe, hold the view that |
| enough (yeterli) | adequate, sufficient, ample, satisfactory |
| difficult (zor) | challenging, demanding, arduous, formidable, problematic |
Parafraz yaparken üç kaymaya dikkat et: anlam kayması (eş anlamlı sandığın kelime aslında farklı anlıyor), kayıt kayması (seçtiğin kelime konuşma diline ait), ve collocation kayması (kelime doğru ama yanındaki fiil/edat yanlış). Örneğin escalate ve rise ikisi de "artış"tır, ama escalate yalnızca çatışma, gerilim, maliyet gibi olumsuz şeyler için kullanılır — happiness escalated yanlıştır. Bu yüzden bir eş anlamlıyı ancak örnek bir cümlede gördükten sonra kullan.
Bu grupların içinden üç tanesini biraz daha açalım, çünkü içlerindeki kelimeler eş anlamlı görünse de aslında birbirinin yerine serbestçe geçmez. "Problem" grubunda issue nötr ve en güvenli seçenektir, challenge ise sorunu "aşılabilir bir zorluk" olarak çerçeveler — olumlu bir ton katar, bu yüzden bir engeli kötülemek isterken challenge demek mesajını zayıflatır. dilemma ise "iki kötü seçenek arasında kalma"dır ve gelişigüzel her sorun için kullanılamaz; yanlış yerde dilemma demek, kelimeyi bildiğini değil, nüansı bilmediğini gösterir. "Cause" grubunda lead to ve result in nötr sonuç bildirir, ama trigger ani ve keskin bir tetiklemeyi, give rise to ise yavaş, kademeli bir doğurmayı ima eder — grafikteki ani sıçramaya trigger, uzun vadeli toplumsal bir sonuca give rise to daha iyi oturur. "Effect" grubunda ise register farkı devreye girer: repercussion ağır, çoğunlukla olumsuz ve uzak sonuçlar için ileri düzey bir kelimedir; onu her "etki" için kullanmak aşırı-formal kaçar, oysa impact ve consequence hemen her bağlamda güvenle akar. Band 7 ile Band 8'i ayıran şey işte budur: aday yalnızca çeşitlilik yapmaz, her eş anlamlının taşıdığı ince yükü doğru tartar.
Her kelimeyi eş anlamlısıyla değiştirmeye çalışma. Teknik terimler (temperature, percentage, unemployment, carbon dioxide) parafraz edilmez, korunur. Zorlama eş anlamlı doğallığı bozar ve Lexical Resource'u düşürür. Amaç doğal çeşitlilik, gösteriş değil.
IELTS penalises repeating the same word — you must both paraphrase the question and rotate synonyms throughout your writing. In Task 1 the increase/decrease family is vital, in Task 2 the important/cause/problem families. The groups below are ready ammunition for variety without breaking register.
| Core concept | Academic synonym group |
|---|---|
| increase | rise, grow, climb, surge, escalate, expand |
| decrease | decline, fall, drop, diminish, dwindle, contract |
| important | significant, crucial, vital, essential, pivotal, key |
| cause (verb) | lead to, result in, give rise to, trigger, bring about, contribute to |
| problem | issue, challenge, obstacle, drawback, dilemma, setback |
| effect (noun) | impact, consequence, outcome, result, implication, repercussion |
| idea | concept, notion, principle, argument, view, perspective |
| good (positive) | beneficial, advantageous, positive, favourable, valuable |
| bad (negative) | detrimental, adverse, harmful, negative, damaging |
| people | individuals, citizens, the public, the population, society |
| a lot / many | numerous, a great deal of, a considerable number of, the majority of |
| show | demonstrate, reveal, indicate, illustrate, highlight |
| solve | address, resolve, tackle, combat, mitigate |
| think (believe/hold a view) | argue, maintain, contend, believe, hold the view that |
| enough | adequate, sufficient, ample, satisfactory |
| difficult | challenging, demanding, arduous, formidable, problematic |
When paraphrasing, watch for three slips: meaning slip (the word you thought was a synonym actually means something different), register slip (the word you chose belongs to speech), and collocation slip (the word is right but the verb/preposition beside it is wrong). For example, escalate and rise both mean "increase", but escalate is used only for negative things like conflict, tension or cost — happiness escalated is wrong. So use a synonym only after seeing it in an example sentence.
Let us open up three of these groups a little more, because the words in them look synonymous but do not in fact substitute freely for one another. In the "problem" group, issue is neutral and the safest choice, whereas challenge frames the problem as "a surmountable difficulty" — it adds a positive tone, so saying challenge when you mean to condemn an obstacle weakens your message. dilemma, meanwhile, is "being caught between two bad options" and cannot be used for just any problem; saying dilemma in the wrong place shows not that you know the word but that you don't know its nuance. In the "cause" group, lead to and result in state a neutral consequence, but trigger implies a sudden, sharp setting-off, while give rise to implies a slow, gradual producing — trigger suits a sudden jump in a graph, give rise to a long-term social outcome. In the "effect" group, register comes into play: repercussion is an advanced word for heavy, mostly negative and distant consequences; using it for every "effect" sounds over-formal, whereas impact and consequence flow safely in almost any context. This is exactly what separates Band 7 from Band 8: the candidate does not merely vary, but weighs correctly the subtle load each synonym carries.
Do not try to replace every word with a synonym. Technical terms (temperature, percentage, unemployment, carbon dioxide) are not paraphrased; they are kept. A forced synonym breaks naturalness and lowers Lexical Resource. The aim is natural variety, not show.
IELTS Writing Task 2 ve Speaking Part 3 aynı temaları döndürür. Her tema için hazır bir akademik kelime kümesi öğren; sınavda konu ne olursa olsun omurgan hazır gelir. Aşağıda dört ana tema için çekirdek kelime ve birer örnek cümle var.
emissions, sustainability, conservation, depletion, renewable, biodiversity, degradation, ecosystem
Curbing carbon emissions is essential for the long-term sustainability of the planet.
curriculum, literacy, competence, tuition, pedagogy, assessment, cognitive, vocational
A balanced curriculum fosters both academic competence and practical skills.
automation, innovation, connectivity, surveillance, algorithm, digital, obsolete, infrastructure
Rapid automation may render many traditional occupations obsolete.
wellbeing, prevention, nutrition, epidemic, sedentary, chronic, immunity, longevity
Preventive measures and proper nutrition significantly improve public wellbeing.
Dört tema yeterli değil — IELTS'in döndürdüğü tema havuzu daha geniştir. Aşağıda dört tema daha veriyoruz; bunlar Task 2 ve Speaking Part 3'te en sık çıkan alanlardır.
interdependence, outsourcing, multinational, homogenisation, migration, trade, cultural identity, integration, disparity
While globalisation fosters economic integration, it can erode local cultural identity.
deterrent, rehabilitation, offender, legislation, enforcement, custody, surveillance, deterrence, prosecution
Rehabilitation programmes may be a more effective deterrent than lengthy custody.
coverage, bias, censorship, misinformation, sensationalism, influence, credibility, exposure, propaganda
The spread of misinformation undermines the credibility of mainstream media.
productivity, unemployment, workforce, automation, incentive, recession, entrepreneurship, wage, inequality
Automation raises productivity but may deepen wage inequality across the workforce.
Tema kelimelerini "liste" olarak ezberlemek yeterli değil; birkaçının nasıl cümleye oturduğunu ve hangi collocation'la geldiğini görmek gerekir. Environment temasında sustainability tek başına havada kalır — onu long-term sustainability, environmental sustainability ya da ensure the sustainability of kalıplarıyla öğrenmelisin; Türk öğrencinin sık hatası bu soyut ismi fiil sanıp to sustainability gibi yanlış yapılar kurmasıdır. Technology temasında obsolete güçlü bir sıfattır ama yalnızca "eskiyip işlevsiz kalan" için kullanılır (render skills obsolete, become obsolete); onu basitçe "eski" (old) anlamında kullanmak nüans hatasıdır, çünkü obsolete "artık geçerliliği kalmamış" demektir, sadece yaşça eski değil. Health temasında sedentary (a sedentary lifestyle) tam da IELTS değerlendiricisinin aradığı türden "az yaygın ama konuya tam oturan" kelimedir — doğru bağlamda tek bir sedentary, üç sıradan kelimeden daha çok Lexical Resource puanı taşır. İşte tema çalışmasının amacı budur: konu hangi alana düşerse düşsün, elinde o alana özgü, doğru collocation'lı, doğru nüanslı üç-beş kelime hazır beklesin.
İki temadan (Technology + Health) iki akademik kelimeyi tek doğal cümlede birleştirmek Band 8 işaretidir.
Her temayı bir "kelime + collocation + örnek cümle" üçlüsüyle öğren. Sadece unemployment kelimesini değil, tackle unemployment, rising unemployment, unemployment rate kalıplarını da not al. Sınavda konu hangi temaya düşerse omurgan hazır gelir; sıfırdan kelime aramazsın.
IELTS Writing Task 2 and Speaking Part 3 rotate the same themes. Learn a ready academic word cluster for each theme; whatever the topic in the exam, your backbone comes ready. Below are core words and one example sentence for four main themes.
emissions, sustainability, conservation, depletion, renewable, biodiversity, degradation, ecosystem
Curbing carbon emissions is essential for the long-term sustainability of the planet.
curriculum, literacy, competence, tuition, pedagogy, assessment, cognitive, vocational
A balanced curriculum fosters both academic competence and practical skills.
automation, innovation, connectivity, surveillance, algorithm, digital, obsolete, infrastructure
Rapid automation may render many traditional occupations obsolete.
wellbeing, prevention, nutrition, epidemic, sedentary, chronic, immunity, longevity
Preventive measures and proper nutrition significantly improve public wellbeing.
Four themes are not enough — the theme pool IELTS rotates is wider. Below we give four more themes; these are the areas that come up most often in Task 2 and Speaking Part 3.
interdependence, outsourcing, multinational, homogenisation, migration, trade, cultural identity, integration, disparity
While globalisation fosters economic integration, it can erode local cultural identity.
deterrent, rehabilitation, offender, legislation, enforcement, custody, surveillance, deterrence, prosecution
Rehabilitation programmes may be a more effective deterrent than lengthy custody.
coverage, bias, censorship, misinformation, sensationalism, influence, credibility, exposure, propaganda
The spread of misinformation undermines the credibility of mainstream media.
productivity, unemployment, workforce, automation, incentive, recession, entrepreneurship, wage, inequality
Automation raises productivity but may deepen wage inequality across the workforce.
Memorising theme words as a "list" is not enough; you need to see how a few of them fit into a sentence and which collocation they come with. In the Environment theme, sustainability hangs in the air on its own — you must learn it with patterns like long-term sustainability, environmental sustainability or ensure the sustainability of; the Turkish student's frequent error is mistaking this abstract noun for a verb and building wrong structures like to sustainability. In the Technology theme, obsolete is a strong adjective but is used only for "something that has aged into uselessness" (render skills obsolete, become obsolete); using it simply to mean "old" (old) is a nuance error, because obsolete means "no longer valid", not merely aged. In the Health theme, sedentary (a sedentary lifestyle) is exactly the kind of "less common but perfectly on-topic" word the IELTS examiner looks for — one apt sedentary in the right context carries more Lexical Resource marks than three ordinary words. This is the point of theme study: whatever field the topic falls into, keep three-to-five words specific to that field, with the right collocation and the right nuance, ready and waiting.
Combining two academic words from two themes (Technology + Health) in a single natural sentence is a sign of Band 8.
Learn each theme with a "word + collocation + example sentence" trio. Note down not just the word unemployment but also the patterns tackle unemployment, rising unemployment, unemployment rate. Whatever theme the topic falls into, your backbone comes ready; you don't hunt for words from scratch.
Writing Task 1'de bir grafiği, tabloyu ya da süreci tarafsız ve akademik bir dille betimlersin. Buradaki kelime bankası üç işi görür: trend (yön ve hız), karşılaştırma (fark ve benzerlik) ve oran/miktar (kesin rakam yerine akademik nicelik ifadesi). Bu banka, sayfanın kardeşi olan strateji sayfasındaki genel Task 1 dilini akademik kayıt yönünden derinleştirir.
| İşlev | Akademik kelimeler |
|---|---|
| Artış (fiil) | rise, climb, increase, grow, surge, soar, rocket |
| Düşüş (fiil) | fall, decline, drop, decrease, plunge, plummet, dip |
| Artış (isim) | a rise, an increase, a surge, an upturn, growth |
| Düşüş (isim) | a fall, a decline, a drop, a downturn, a reduction |
| Sabitlik | remain stable, level off, plateau, stay constant, hold steady |
| Dalgalanma / zirve-dip | fluctuate, peak at, reach a low of, hit a trough |
| Hız zarfı (keskin) | sharply, dramatically, steeply, rapidly, significantly |
| Hız zarfı (yumuşak) | gradually, steadily, slightly, marginally, moderately |
Bu banka en çok "fiil + hız zarfı" birlikteliğinde işe yarar; tek başına kelime değil, ikisinin doğru eşleşmesi Band puanı taşır. "Sabitlik" satırındaki level off ve plateau, bir eğrinin artıştan sonra yatay seyre geçtiği anı anlatır: After a steep climb, sales plateaued at around 400 units and held steady for three years. "Dalgalanma" satırındaki fluctuate ise düzensiz iniş-çıkışı tarif eder ve genellikle between ile gelir: Prices fluctuated between $20 and $35 before peaking at $40. Türk öğrencinin en sık hatası hız zarfını yön fiilinden kopuk kullanmaktır — increase dramatically doğru, ama dramatically increase yerine cümlenin sonunda rose dramatically demek daha doğal akar. Ayrıca plummet ve soar zaten "keskin" anlamını içinde taşır; yanına sharply eklemek gereksiz tekrar (plummet sharply hatalıdır) olur — bu ince ayrım tam olarak Band 7 ile Band 8 arasındaki farktır.
| İşlev | Akademik dil |
|---|---|
| Üstünlük / fazlalık | considerably higher than, more than twice as high as, outnumber, exceed |
| Azlık | far lower than, less than half of, account for the smallest share |
| Benzerlik | roughly the same as, comparable to, similar to, in line with |
| Zıtlık kurma | whereas, while, in contrast, compared with, by comparison |
Karşılaştırma dilinde asıl güçlü hamle, iki veriyi tek cümlede kıyaslayan yapılardır. more than twice as high as kalıbı, oransal farkı tek çırpıda verir ve zayıf much bigger than ifadesinin yerini alır: Male enrolment was more than twice as high as female enrolment in 1990. exceed ve outnumber ise "geçmek/sayıca üstün olmak" için akademik fiillerdir; farkları şudur — outnumber yalnızca sayılabilir varlıklar için (Tourists outnumbered locals), exceed ise miktar ve oran için (Costs exceeded the budget) kullanılır. Zıtlık kurarken whereas ve while iki tam cümleyi bağlar (Whereas exports rose, imports fell), ama compared with yalnızca bir öbek alır (Compared with 2000, output doubled); Türk öğrenci bu ikisini karıştırıp whereas arkasına yarım cümle koyunca dilbilgisi hatası doğar ve bu Grammatical Range puanına da yansır.
| İşlev | Akademik dil |
|---|---|
| Oran / yüzde | account for, make up, represent, constitute, a proportion of |
| Yaklaşıklık | approximately, roughly, just over, just under, around, nearly |
| Çoğunluk / azınlık | the vast majority, a significant minority, a small fraction |
Oran dilinde amaç, ham rakamı okuyucuya "yorumlanmış" biçimde sunmaktır. account for, make up, represent ve constitute dördü de "bir bütünün şu kadarını oluşturmak" der ve birbirinin yerine geçebilir: Imports constituted nearly 60 per cent of the total. Yaklaşıklık ifadeleri ise kesin sayıyı yumuşatır ve doğal kılar — just over rakamın biraz üstünü, just under biraz altını gösterir: The figure stood at just under 15 per cent. "Çoğunluk/azınlık" satırında the vast majority ezici çoğunluğu (yaklaşık %80+), a small fraction ise çok küçük bir kesiri anlatır; Türk öğrencinin buradaki tuzağı the vast majority of people derken sayılamayan bir isimle amount karıştırıp a large amount of people demesidir — insanlar sayılabilir olduğu için doğrusu a large number of people'dır. Bu küçük ayrım bile betimlemenin akademik güvenilirliğini belirler.
Task 1 nesnel betimlemedir — görüş, sebep tahmini ya da I think yoktur. Ayrıca teknik terimleri (percentage, kilowatt, population) parafraz etmeye çalışma; onlar korunur. Çeşitlilik yön/hız kelimelerinde aranır, ölçü biriminde değil.
In Writing Task 1 you describe a graph, table or process in a neutral, academic language. This word bank does three jobs: trend (direction and speed), comparison (difference and similarity) and proportion/quantity (academic quantity expressions instead of exact figures). This bank deepens the general Task 1 language of this page's sister page in terms of academic register.
| Function | Academic words |
|---|---|
| Increase (verb) | rise, climb, increase, grow, surge, soar, rocket |
| Decrease (verb) | fall, decline, drop, decrease, plunge, plummet, dip |
| Increase (noun) | a rise, an increase, a surge, an upturn, growth |
| Decrease (noun) | a fall, a decline, a drop, a downturn, a reduction |
| Stability | remain stable, level off, plateau, stay constant, hold steady |
| Fluctuation / peak-trough | fluctuate, peak at, reach a low of, hit a trough |
| Speed adverb (sharp) | sharply, dramatically, steeply, rapidly, significantly |
| Speed adverb (gentle) | gradually, steadily, slightly, marginally, moderately |
This bank is most useful in the "verb + speed adverb" pairing; it is not the word alone but the correct match of the two that carries band marks. In the "stability" row, level off and plateau describe the moment a curve moves from rising into a flat course: After a steep climb, sales plateaued at around 400 units and held steady for three years. In the "fluctuation" row, fluctuate describes irregular ups and downs and usually comes with between: Prices fluctuated between $20 and $35 before peaking at $40. The Turkish student's most frequent error is using the speed adverb detached from the direction verb — increase dramatically is right, but rather than dramatically increase, saying rose dramatically at the end of the sentence flows more naturally. Also, plummet and soar already carry "sharp" within them; adding sharply beside them is a redundant repetition (plummet sharply is wrong) — this fine distinction is exactly the difference between Band 7 and Band 8.
| Function | Academic language |
|---|---|
| Superiority / excess | considerably higher than, more than twice as high as, outnumber, exceed |
| Scarcity | far lower than, less than half of, account for the smallest share |
| Similarity | roughly the same as, comparable to, similar to, in line with |
| Setting up contrast | whereas, while, in contrast, compared with, by comparison |
In comparison language, the real power move is the structures that compare two pieces of data in a single sentence. The pattern more than twice as high as gives the proportional difference in one stroke and replaces the weak much bigger than: Male enrolment was more than twice as high as female enrolment in 1990. exceed and outnumber are academic verbs for "to surpass / be more numerous than"; their difference is this — outnumber is for countable entities only (Tourists outnumbered locals), while exceed is for amounts and proportions (Costs exceeded the budget). When setting up contrast, whereas and while join two full clauses (Whereas exports rose, imports fell), but compared with takes only a phrase (Compared with 2000, output doubled); when the Turkish student confuses these two and puts half a clause after whereas, a grammar error arises and this reflects on the Grammatical Range score too.
| Function | Academic language |
|---|---|
| Proportion / percentage | account for, make up, represent, constitute, a proportion of |
| Approximation | approximately, roughly, just over, just under, around, nearly |
| Majority / minority | the vast majority, a significant minority, a small fraction |
In proportion language, the aim is to present the raw figure to the reader in an "interpreted" form. account for, make up, represent and constitute all four mean "to make up such-and-such of a whole" and are interchangeable: Imports constituted nearly 60 per cent of the total. Approximation expressions soften and naturalise an exact figure — just over shows a little above the number, just under a little below: The figure stood at just under 15 per cent. In the "majority/minority" row, the vast majority describes an overwhelming majority (roughly 80%+), while a small fraction describes a very small portion; the Turkish student's trap here is confusing amount with an uncountable noun while saying the vast majority of people and producing a large amount of people — because people are countable, the correct form is a large number of people. Even this small distinction determines the academic credibility of your description.
Task 1 is objective description — no opinion, no cause-guessing, no I think. Also, do not try to paraphrase technical terms (percentage, kilowatt, population); they are kept. Variety is sought in direction/speed words, not in the unit of measurement.
Writing Task 2'de fikir üretir, tartışır ve gerekçelendirirsin. Buradaki banka argümanın dört işlevini akademik kayıtta karşılar: neden-sonuç, zıtlık ve taviz, görüş bildirme, ve örnekleme/genelleme. Bu kalıpları öğrenmek, "ne diyeceğini biliyorum ama akademik nasıl derim?" boşluğunu kapatır.
| İşlev | Akademik dil |
|---|---|
| Neden gösterme | stem from, arise from, be attributed to, be rooted in, owing to |
| Sonuç gösterme | lead to, result in, give rise to, bring about, trigger, contribute to |
| Bağlaç | consequently, therefore, as a result, thus, hence |
Neden-sonuç dilinde en kritik ayrım "yönü"dür: sonuçtan nedene mi, yoksa nedenden sonuca mı gidiyorsun? stem from, arise from ve be attributed to sonuçtan geriye, nedene bakar (The decline can be attributed to rising costs); lead to, result in ve give rise to ise nedenden ileriye, sonuca bakar (Rising costs led to a decline). İkisini karıştırmak cümlenin mantığını tersine çevirir. be attributed to özellikle güçlüdür çünkü edilgen yapısı sayesinde nesnellik katar — "ben iddia ediyorum" yerine "şuna bağlanmaktadır" der, ki bu tam da akademik kayıtta aranan tonlamadır. Türk öğrencinin klasik hatası her cümlede because of tekrar etmektir; oysa owing to ya da stem from gibi bir-iki değişken, aynı fikri tekrar yükü olmadan taşır ve Coherence ile Lexical Resource'u birlikte yükseltir.
| İşlev | Akademik dil |
|---|---|
| Zıtlık kurma | however, nevertheless, on the other hand, conversely, in contrast |
| Taviz verme | although, while it is true that, admittedly, despite the fact that |
| Taviz sonrası dönüş | nonetheless, even so, that said, this does not mean that |
Taviz (concession) yapısı, Band 7+ argümanının belkemiğidir çünkü karşı görüşü tanıyıp yine de kendi tezini savunduğunu gösterir — bu "dengeli düşünme" değerlendiricinin doğrudan aradığı şeydir. while it is true that ve admittedly karşı tarafa hak verir (Admittedly, the policy is expensive), ardından nonetheless ya da even so ile kendi tezine döner (even so, its long-term benefits outweigh the cost). Bu "kabul et, sonra çürüt" hareketi tek bir cümlede iki bakış açısını yönetir. Türk öğrencinin en yaygın hatası burada bağlaçları yanlış noktalamayla birbirine yapıştırmaktır: however ve nevertheless iki ayrı cümleyi noktalı virgülle ya da nokta ile bağlar (The plan is costly; however, it is necessary), although ise tek cümle içinde yan cümle kurar (Although the plan is costly, it is necessary) — bu ikisini karıştırıp Although the plan is costly, however it is necessary demek çift bağlaç hatasıdır ve hem akışı hem dilbilgisi puanını düşürür.
| İşlev | Akademik dil |
|---|---|
| Görüş açma | it can be argued that, from my perspective, I would contend that |
| Ölçülü ifade (hedge) | tend to, be likely to, may, arguably, to some extent, in most cases |
| Vurgu / kesinlik | undoubtedly, clearly, it is evident that, there is little doubt that |
Görüş bildirme dilinde asıl beceri "ölçülü konuşma"dır (hedging) — akademik yazar kesin konuşmaz, olasılık ve derece ekler. tend to genel bir eğilimi yumuşatır (Wealthier nations tend to consume more energy) ve all rich nations consume more gibi savunulamaz bir mutlaklıktan kurtarır. to some extent ve arguably iddiaya pay bırakır (This is, arguably, the main cause), böylece değerlendirici karşısında aşırı iddialı görünmezsin. Görüş açarken it can be argued that nesnel ve güvenli bir giriştir; I would contend that daha güçlü bir kişisel duruş bildirir ve yalnızca gerçekten savunacağın tez için saklanmalıdır. Türk öğrencinin en pahalı hatası tam tersi yönde olur: always, never, everyone, completely gibi mutlak ifadelerle yazmak. Bu kesinlik güçlü değil, çürütülebilir göründüğü için argümanı zayıflatır; tek bir in most cases ya da may eklemek aynı cümleyi Band 6'dan Band 7-8 olgunluğuna taşır.
| İşlev | Akademik dil |
|---|---|
| Örnek verme | for instance, to illustrate, a case in point, such as |
| Genelleme | on the whole, broadly speaking, in general, as a rule |
| Ekleme / güçlendirme | moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more |
Örnekleme dili, soyut iddianı somut bir zemine oturtarak argümanı inandırıcı kılar. a case in point ifadesi for example'ın daha akademik ve vurgulu biçimidir; "işte tam da bu duruma uyan bir örnek" der ve bir tez cümlesinin hemen ardından güçlü durur (Some cities have reversed this trend; a case in point is Copenhagen). to illustrate ise bir cümlenin başında örnek getirmenin resmi yoludur (To illustrate, consider the impact of remote work). Genelleme tarafında broadly speaking ve on the whole "istisnalar olsa da genel olarak" der ve tam da bu yüzden bir hedge işlevi görür — mutlak konuşmaktan korur. Türk öğrencinin buradaki tuzağı ekleme bağlaçlarını yanlış eşleştirmektir: moreover ve furthermore yeni ve ayrı bir kanıt eklemek içindir; aynı fikri farklı sözcüklerle tekrar ederken moreover kullanmak, değerlendiriciye "içerik ilerlemiyor" sinyali verir ve bu Coherence and Cohesion puanını doğrudan aşağı çeker.
In Writing Task 2 you generate ideas, discuss and justify. This bank covers the four functions of an argument in an academic register: cause-effect, contrast and concession, expressing an opinion, and exemplification/generalisation. Learning these patterns closes the gap of "I know what to say, but how do I say it academically?".
| Function | Academic language |
|---|---|
| Showing a cause | stem from, arise from, be attributed to, be rooted in, owing to |
| Showing an effect | lead to, result in, give rise to, bring about, trigger, contribute to |
| Connector | consequently, therefore, as a result, thus, hence |
In cause-effect language the most critical distinction is "direction": are you going from effect back to cause, or from cause forward to effect? stem from, arise from and be attributed to look back from the effect to the cause (The decline can be attributed to rising costs); lead to, result in and give rise to look forward from the cause to the effect (Rising costs led to a decline). Confusing the two reverses the logic of the sentence. be attributed to is especially strong because its passive structure adds objectivity — instead of "I claim", it says "is attributed to", which is exactly the tone sought in academic register. The Turkish student's classic error is repeating because of in every sentence; whereas a couple of variables like owing to or stem from carry the same idea without the burden of repetition and raise both Coherence and Lexical Resource together.
| Function | Academic language |
|---|---|
| Setting up contrast | however, nevertheless, on the other hand, conversely, in contrast |
| Making a concession | although, while it is true that, admittedly, despite the fact that |
| Returning after a concession | nonetheless, even so, that said, this does not mean that |
The concession structure is the backbone of a Band 7+ argument, because it shows you acknowledge the opposing view yet still defend your own thesis — this "balanced thinking" is what the examiner directly looks for. while it is true that and admittedly grant a point to the other side (Admittedly, the policy is expensive), then nonetheless or even so returns to your thesis (even so, its long-term benefits outweigh the cost). This "concede, then rebut" move manages two viewpoints in a single sentence. Another very common Turkish-student error here is gluing connectors together with wrong punctuation: however and nevertheless join two separate sentences with a semicolon or a full stop (The plan is costly; however, it is necessary), whereas although builds a subordinate clause within one sentence (Although the plan is costly, it is necessary) — mixing the two and saying Although the plan is costly, however it is necessary is a double-connector error and lowers both flow and grammar marks.
| Function | Academic language |
|---|---|
| Opening an opinion | it can be argued that, from my perspective, I would contend that |
| Measured expression (hedge) | tend to, be likely to, may, arguably, to some extent, in most cases |
| Emphasis / certainty | undoubtedly, clearly, it is evident that, there is little doubt that |
In opinion language the real skill is "measured speech" (hedging) — the academic writer does not speak in absolutes but adds probability and degree. tend to softens a general tendency (Wealthier nations tend to consume more energy) and rescues you from an indefensible absolute like all rich nations consume more. to some extent and arguably leave room in the claim (This is, arguably, the main cause), so you do not appear over-assertive before the examiner. When opening an opinion, it can be argued that is an objective and safe start; I would contend that states a stronger personal stance and should be saved for a thesis you will genuinely defend. The Turkish student's most expensive error runs the other way: writing with absolutes like always, never, everyone, completely. This certainty looks not strong but refutable, so it weakens the argument; adding a single in most cases or may lifts the same sentence from Band 6 to Band 7-8 maturity.
| Function | Academic language |
|---|---|
| Giving an example | for instance, to illustrate, a case in point, such as |
| Generalising | on the whole, broadly speaking, in general, as a rule |
| Adding / reinforcing | moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more |
Exemplification language makes an argument convincing by grounding your abstract claim on concrete footing. The phrase a case in point is a more academic and emphatic form of for example; it says "here is an example that fits exactly this situation" and stands strong right after a thesis sentence (Some cities have reversed this trend; a case in point is Copenhagen). to illustrate, meanwhile, is the formal way to bring an example at the start of a sentence (To illustrate, consider the impact of remote work). On the generalisation side, broadly speaking and on the whole say "with exceptions, but generally" and precisely for that reason act as a hedge — protecting you from absolutes. The Turkish student's trap here is mismatching the addition connectors: moreover and furthermore are for adding a new and separate piece of evidence; using moreover while restating the same idea in different words signals "the content isn't progressing" to the examiner and pulls the Coherence and Cohesion score directly down.
Tek bir fikir — "internet öğrencilere yardımcı oluyor" — akademik kelime seçimiyle üç bantta nasıl değişir?
| Band | Cümle |
|---|---|
| 5 | The internet is a good thing and it helps students a lot in their study. |
| 7 | The internet is highly beneficial, as it provides students with significant support in their studies. |
| 9 | Digital connectivity has proved invaluable to learners, granting them access to a vast body of academic resources and thereby facilitating independent study. |
Aynı yükseltmeyi iki farklı fikirde daha görelim. Kalıbı fark et: her adımda belirsiz kelime → akademik çekirdek, gündelik fiil → collocation, gevşek yapı → nominalization.
| Band | Fikir: "şehirlerde çok fazla araba var ve bu kirliliğe yol açıyor" |
|---|---|
| 5 | There are too many cars in cities and this makes a lot of pollution. |
| 7 | The rising number of vehicles in urban areas has led to significant air pollution. |
| 9 | The proliferation of private vehicles in densely populated cities has been a major contributor to deteriorating air quality. |
| Band | Fikir: "hükümet eğitime daha çok para vermeli" |
|---|---|
| 5 | The government should give more money to schools because education is important. |
| 7 | Governments should allocate greater funding to education, as it plays a crucial role in development. |
| 9 | Increased investment in education is arguably justified, given its pivotal role in fostering long-term economic and social development. |
Bu iki örnekte yükseltmenin neden puan getirdiğini kelime kelime çözelim, çünkü kalıbı görmek onu kendi yazına taşımanın tek yoludur. "Arabalar" örneğinde Band 5'teki too many cars, Band 9'da the proliferation of private vehicles'a dönüşür: burada iki şey aynı anda kazanılır — proliferation hem az yaygın bir akademik isimdir (Lexical Resource), hem de bir nominalization'dır, yani "çok araba var" fikrini tek bir isim öbeğine sıkıştırır (yoğunluk). makes pollution ise has been a major contributor to deteriorating air quality olur: zayıf fiil make gider, yerine doğru collocation (a contributor to) ve güçlü bir sıfat-isim eşi (deteriorating air quality) gelir — üstelik a major contributor demek "tek sebep" iddiasından kaçınan bir hedge'dir, yani nesnellik de kazanılır. "Eğitim" örneğinde Band 5'in belirsiz important'ı, Band 9'da its pivotal role in fostering ... development'a yükselir: pivotal "belirleyici/eksen" demektir ve important'tan çok daha kesin bir ağırlık taşır; foster "beslemek/geliştirmek" collocation'ıyla development ismine bağlanır; en baştaki arguably justified ise iddiayı ölçülü kılan bir hedge'dir. Görüldüğü gibi her yükseltme rastgele "zor kelime" koymak değil, üç ölçütü (çekirdek kelime + doğru collocation + ölçülü nesnellik) aynı cümlede toplamaktır — Band 9'u yapan da tam olarak bu üçünün bir arada olmasıdır.
Her üç örnekte de değişim aynı üç eksende: (1) too many cars → the proliferation of private vehicles (nominalization + çekirdek kelime), (2) makes pollution → contributor to deteriorating air quality (collocation), (3) kesin ifade → ölçülü ifade (arguably, a major contributor). Kendi cümlelerini bu üç ekseni sorarak yükselt.
How does a single idea — "the internet helps students" — change across three bands through academic word choice?
| Band | Sentence |
|---|---|
| 5 | The internet is a good thing and it helps students a lot in their study. |
| 7 | The internet is highly beneficial, as it provides students with significant support in their studies. |
| 9 | Digital connectivity has proved invaluable to learners, granting them access to a vast body of academic resources and thereby facilitating independent study. |
Let's see the same upgrade in two more ideas. Notice the pattern: at each step, vague word → academic core, everyday verb → collocation, loose structure → nominalisation.
| Band | Idea: "there are too many cars in cities and this causes pollution" |
|---|---|
| 5 | There are too many cars in cities and this makes a lot of pollution. |
| 7 | The rising number of vehicles in urban areas has led to significant air pollution. |
| 9 | The proliferation of private vehicles in densely populated cities has been a major contributor to deteriorating air quality. |
| Band | Idea: "the government should spend more money on education" |
|---|---|
| 5 | The government should give more money to schools because education is important. |
| 7 | Governments should allocate greater funding to education, as it plays a crucial role in development. |
| 9 | Increased investment in education is arguably justified, given its pivotal role in fostering long-term economic and social development. |
Let's decode word by word why the upgrade earns marks in these two examples, because seeing the pattern is the only way to carry it into your own writing. In the "cars" example, Band 5's too many cars becomes the proliferation of private vehicles at Band 9: two things are gained at once here — proliferation is both a less-common academic noun (Lexical Resource) and a nominalisation, i.e. it compresses the idea "there are many cars" into a single noun phrase (density). makes pollution becomes has been a major contributor to deteriorating air quality: the weak verb make is gone, replaced by a correct collocation (a contributor to) and a strong adjective-noun pair (deteriorating air quality) — and moreover a major contributor is a hedge that avoids the "sole cause" claim, so objectivity is gained too. In the "education" example, Band 5's vague important rises to its pivotal role in fostering ... development at Band 9: pivotal means "decisive/central" and carries far more precise weight than important; foster ("to nurture/develop") links to the noun development as a collocation; and the opening arguably justified is a hedge that keeps the claim measured. As you can see, each upgrade is not randomly dropping a "hard word" but gathering three criteria (core word + correct collocation + measured objectivity) in the same sentence — and what makes Band 9 is exactly having all three together.
In all three examples the change runs on the same three axes: (1) too many cars → the proliferation of private vehicles (nominalisation + core word), (2) makes pollution → contributor to deteriorating air quality (collocation), (3) an absolute statement → a measured one (arguably, a major contributor). Raise your own sentences by asking these three axes.
Her cümleye Sublist 9-10 kelimesi tıkmak (notwithstanding, heretofore). Sonuç yapay ve okunmaz olur. Akademik ≠ arkaik.
make a research, do a conclusion, give an impact yanlış. Kelimeyi eşiyle öğren: conduct research, draw a conclusion, have an impact.
Akademik denemede günlük kelime: kids, stuff, a lot of, get, guy. Yerine children, aspects, numerous, obtain, individual.
Eş anlamlıyı körlemesine yapıştırmak: escalate her artış için değil, olumsuz/tehlikeli artış içindir. Nüansı örnek cümlede öğren.
Sadece isim biçimini bilmek (analysis) ama sıfatı (analytical) veya fiili (analyse) bilmemek. Aileyi bütün öğren.
Bağlama oturmayan ezberlenmiş "band 9 cümlesi" yapıştırmak. Değerlendirici bunu görür ve puanı düşürür. Kelimeyi kendi bağlamında üret.
Türkçe collocation'ı kelimesi kelimesine çevirmek: make a decision doğru ama do a decision değil; take a photo doğru, throw a photo değil. Eşi İngilizce mantıkla öğren.
always, never, all people, everything gibi mutlak ifadeler argümanı zayıflatır. Akademik yazar ölçülüdür: tend to, in many cases, arguably.
Sekiz hatanın hepsinin kökü tektir: kelimeyi bağlamsız öğrenmek. Tek başına ezberlenen kelime yanlış nüansla, yanlış eşle, yanlış kayıtta çıkar. Çözüm de tektir: her kelimeyi bir örnek cümle + bir collocation ile öğren, sonra kendi cümlende üret. Tanıma öğrenme değildir; üretim öğrenmedir.
Cramming a Sublist 9-10 word into every sentence (notwithstanding, heretofore). The result is artificial and unreadable. Academic ≠ archaic.
make a research, do a conclusion, give an impact are wrong. Learn the word with its partner: conduct research, draw a conclusion, have an impact.
Everyday words in an academic essay: kids, stuff, a lot of, get, guy. Instead: children, aspects, numerous, obtain, individual.
Pasting a synonym blindly: escalate is not for every increase but for a negative/dangerous one. Learn the nuance in an example sentence.
Knowing only the noun form (analysis) but not the adjective (analytical) or verb (analyse). Learn the whole family.
Pasting a memorised "band 9 sentence" that doesn't fit the context. The examiner sees this and lowers the score. Produce the word in your own context.
Translating a Turkish collocation word for word: make a decision is right but do a decision is not; take a photo is right, throw a photo is not. Learn the partner by English logic.
Absolute expressions like always, never, all people, everything weaken the argument. The academic writer is measured: tend to, in many cases, arguably.
The root of all eight mistakes is one: learning a word out of context. A word memorised alone comes out with the wrong nuance, the wrong partner, the wrong register. The solution is also one: learn every word with an example sentence + a collocation, then produce it in your own sentence. Recognition is not learning; production is learning.
Akademik kelime "tanımak" değil "üretmek" ile öğrenilir. Bir kelime, ancak kendi cümlende doğru kullandığında senin olur. İşte kanıtlı bir yöntem:
Flashcard kartını doğru kurmak, çalışmanın verimini ikiye katlar. Zayıf kart yalnızca "kelime = anlam" taşır; güçlü kart bir üretim ister. İyi bir akademik kelime kartında dört öğe bulunur: kelime ailesi, bir doğru collocation, kısa bir örnek cümle ve — en önemlisi — kartı çevirmeden önce kendin bir cümle üretme yükümlülüğü.
significant = önemli
Tanırsın ama üretemezsin; sınavda işe yaramaz.
significant / significance / significantly · a significant increase in · "There was a significant rise in demand." · Kendi cümlen?
Aile + collocation + örnek + üretim = kalıcı.
Aralıklı tekrarın (spaced repetition) mantığı basittir: beynin bir bilgiyi tam unutmak üzereyken hatırlarsan, o bilgi çok daha derine yerleşir. Bu yüzden yeni kelimeyi 1., 3., 7. ve 14. günlerde tekrar et; her doğru hatırlamada aralığı aç. Yanlış hatırladığında aralığı sıfırla. Böylece zaman bütçeni zorlandığın kelimelere ayırır, zaten bildiklerine harcamazsın.
Bu ilkeleri bir dört haftalık örnek plana döktüğümüzde çalışma somutlaşır. Her hafta hem yeni kelime edinir hem eski haftaların kartlarını tekrar edersin; böylece bilgi birikir, uçup gitmez.
Sublist 1-2 + Environment teması. Günde 8 aile, her biri collocation ve örnek cümleyle. Hafta sonu: 5 cümlelik özgün paragraf.
Sublist 3-4 + Education & Technology. Yükseltme çiftlerini uygula: bir eski yazını al, günlük kelimeleri akademikle değiştir.
Sublist 5-6 + Health & Work. Nominalization çalış: 10 fiil-ağırlıklı cümleyi isim-ağırlıklıya çevir.
Sublist 7+ seçmeli + tüm temaların karışık tekrarı. Tam bir Task 2 essay yaz, bu sayfadaki bankalardan besleyerek.
Academic vocabulary is learned through "production", not "recognition". A word is yours only once you have used it correctly in your own sentence. Here is a proven method:
Setting up the flashcard correctly doubles the return on your study. A weak card carries only "word = meaning"; a strong card demands a production. A good academic word card has four elements: the word family, a correct collocation, a short example sentence and — most importantly — the obligation to produce a sentence of your own before you flip the card.
significant = important
You recognise it but cannot produce it; useless in the exam.
significant / significance / significantly · a significant increase in · "There was a significant rise in demand." · Your own sentence?
Family + collocation + example + production = it sticks.
The logic of spaced repetition is simple: if you recall a piece of information just as you are about to forget it, that information settles far deeper. So review a new word on days 1, 3, 7 and 14; widen the interval on each correct recall. Reset the interval when you recall it wrongly. This way your time budget goes to the words you struggle with, not the ones you already know.
When we pour these principles into a four-week sample plan, the study becomes concrete. Each week you both acquire new words and review the previous weeks' cards; thus knowledge accumulates rather than evaporating.
Sublist 1-2 + the Environment theme. 8 families a day, each with a collocation and example sentence. At the weekend: an original 5-sentence paragraph.
Sublist 3-4 + Education & Technology. Apply the upgrade pairs: take an old piece of writing and replace the everyday words with academic ones.
Sublist 5-6 + Health & Work. Practise nominalisation: turn 10 verb-heavy sentences into noun-heavy ones.
A selection from Sublist 7+ + a mixed review of all themes. Write a full Task 2 essay, feeding it from the banks on this page.
Bu sayfa akademik kelimenin mantığını ve kümelerini verdi. Ham kelimeyi kademeli listelerden ve interaktif pratikten çalış:
En çok gereken akademik kelimeleri kademe kademe, aranabilir ve öğrendim takipli çalış. IELTS-akademik etiketli set.
Tema kelimeleri, örnek cümleler ve otomatik puanlı quizler. Flashcard runner'ında IELTS setiyle çalış.
Aşağıdaki günlük kelimeleri daha akademik bir kelimeyle değiştir (birden fazla doğru olabilir):
Her dönüşümde üç ekseni kontrol et: çekirdek kelime mi, doğru collocation mı, doğru nüans mı? Üçü de tamsa, cümle Band 7+ kaydına oturur.
Son bir hatırlatma: bu sayfadaki hiçbir tablo "ezberlenecek liste" değildir. Her banka, kendi yazında üretmen için bir başvuru kaynağıdır. Bir kelimeyi gerçekten öğrendiğinin tek kanıtı, o kelimeyi hiç düşünmeden doğru collocation ve doğru kayıtta bir cümlede kullanabilmendir. O noktaya geldiğinde, akademik kelime artık senin — ve Lexical Resource puanın da onunla birlikte yükselir.
This page gave the logic and clusters of academic vocabulary. Study the raw words from the tiered lists and interactive practice:
Study the most needed academic words tier by tier, searchable and with learned tracking. An IELTS-academic tagged set.
Theme words, example sentences and auto-scored quizzes. Study the IELTS set in the flashcard runner.
Replace the everyday words below with a more academic word (more than one may be correct):
In each transformation, check the three axes: is it a core word, is it the right collocation, is it the right nuance? If all three hold, the sentence sits in the Band 7+ register.
One final reminder: none of the tables on this page is a "list to be memorised". Each bank is a reference for you to produce from in your own writing. The only proof that you have truly learned a word is being able to use it, without a second thought, in a sentence with the right collocation and the right register. Once you reach that point, the academic word is finally yours — and your Lexical Resource score rises along with it.
IELTS Kelime Stratejisi Academic Vocabulary (AWL) Nominalization Academic Register IELTS Writing Task 1 IELTS Writing Task 2 Collocations IELTS Kelime Pratiği Kelime Bankası IELTS Soru Bankası
← Konu Anlatımı · IELTS'e dönIELTS Vocabulary Strategy Academic Vocabulary (AWL) Nominalization Academic Register IELTS Writing Task 1 IELTS Writing Task 2 Collocations IELTS Vocabulary Practice Word Bank IELTS Question Bank
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