İngilizcede bazı kelimeler o kadar benzer görünür ya da anlamları o kadar yakındır ki, öğrenciler onları sürekli birbirinin yerine kullanır. Bunlara confusable words (karıştırılan kelimeler) denir. Bu bölüm, en sık karıştırılan çiftleri ve üçlüleri tek tek ele alır: make/do, say/tell, lend/borrow, affect/effect, its/it's, fun/funny ve travel/trip/journey.
Bu kelimeler neden var? Çünkü İngilizce, Türkçenin tek bir kelimeyle ifade ettiği bir kavramı çoğu zaman ince farklarla birden fazla kelimeye bölmüştür. Türkçe "söylemek" der ve geçer; İngilizce ise sözün kendisine odaklanıyorsa say, o sözü bir kişiye aktarıyorsan tell kullanmanı ister. Yani fark, dilin daha ayrıntılı düşünmeni istemesinden doğar.
Türkçedeki benzeri
Türkçede de karıştırılan kelimeler vardır: "yalnız/yanlız", "herkes/herkez", "da/de ayrı mı bitişik mi". Ama Türk öğrencinin İngilizcede yaşadığı asıl sorun yazım değil, anlam-eşleştirme sorunudur: bir Türkçe kelime birden çok İngilizce kelimeye karşılık geldiği için beynimiz hangisini seçeceğini bilemez. "Ödünç" kelimesi hem lend (vermek) hem borrow (almak) demektir; "seyahat" hem travel hem trip hem journey olabilir.
Neden zor?
- Bir Türkçe kelime birden çok İngilizce kelimeye bölünür (söylemek → say/tell).
- Ayrım çoğu zaman anlamda değil, dilbilgisinde gizlidir: tell nesne (kişi) ister, say istemez.
- Bazıları neredeyse aynı yazılır/okunur (affect/effect, its/it's) — küçük bir harf anlamı değiştirir.
- Doğru seçim çoğu zaman ezberlenen sabit kalıplara (collocation) bağlıdır: make a mistake doğru, do a mistake yanlış.
- Türkçeden birebir çeviri neredeyse her zaman yanlış kelimeyi seçtirir.
In English some words look so similar or their meanings are so close that learners constantly use one in place of the other. These are called confusable words. This section takes the most frequently confused pairs and triples one by one: make/do, say/tell, lend/borrow, affect/effect, its/it's, fun/funny and travel/trip/journey.
Why do these words exist? Because English has often split a concept that Turkish expresses with a single word into several words with fine differences. Turkish says "söylemek" and that's that; English wants you to use say if you are focusing on the words themselves, and if you are conveying those words to a person, tell. So the difference arises from the language asking you to think in more detail.
The equivalent in Turkish
Turkish also has confusable words: "yalnız/yanlız", "herkes/herkez", whether "da/de" is written separately or joined. But the Turkish learner's real problem in English is not spelling, it is a meaning-matching problem: because one Turkish word corresponds to several English words, our brain cannot decide which to choose. The word "ödünç" means both lend (to give) and borrow (to take); "seyahat" can be travel, trip or journey.
Why is it hard?
- One Turkish word splits into several English words (söylemek → say/tell).
- The distinction is often hidden not in meaning but in grammar: tell wants an object (a person), say does not.
- Some are written/pronounced almost the same (affect/effect, its/it's) — one small letter changes the meaning.
- The right choice often depends on memorised fixed patterns (collocation): make a mistake is correct, do a mistake is wrong.
- A word-for-word translation from Turkish almost always makes you pick the wrong word.
Dilbilgisi ayırır
say / tell, lend / borrow — fark anlamda değil, cümledeki dizilişte: tell me ama say to me; veren lend, alan borrow.
Tek harf değiştirir
affect / effect, its / it's — neredeyse aynı yazılır ve okunur; fiil mi isim mi, kesme var mı yok mu diye bakılır.
Anlam nüansı seçer
make / do, fun / funny, travel / trip / journey — üretme mi iş mi, keyif mi gülme mi, genel mi belirli mi?
- make = yeni bir şey üretmek/ortaya çıkarmak (make a cake, make a decision); do = bir işi/görevi gerçekleştirmek (do homework, do the dishes).
- say = söze odaklanır, kişi zorunlu değildir (say something); tell = birine bir şey aktarır, kişi genelde zorunludur (tell me).
- lend = ödünç vermek (sen verirsin); borrow = ödünç almak (sen alırsın).
- affect = etkilemek (fiil, A→Action); effect = etki (isim, E→End result).
- its = onun (iyelik, kesme YOK); it's = it is / it has (kesme VAR).
- fun = eğlence/keyifli (have fun); funny = komik ya da tuhaf.
- travel = seyahat etmek/genel kavram; trip = belirli kısa gezi; journey = bir yerden bir yere uzun yolculuk.
- Çoğu hata Türkçeden birebir çeviriden doğar; kelimeyi çevirme, işlevini düşün.
- Doğru seçim genelde sabit kalıba bağlıdır — kalıpları Eş Dizimler (Collocations) ile birlikte ezberle.
- Şüphedeysen her çiftin ayırıcı sorusunu sor: Kim yapıyor? Kime? Yeni bir şey mi üretiliyor?
Grammar separates them
say / tell, lend / borrow — the difference is not in meaning but in the word order of the sentence: tell me but say to me; the giver lends, the receiver borrows.
One letter changes it
affect / effect, its / it's — written and pronounced almost the same; you check whether it is a verb or a noun, whether there is an apostrophe or not.
Meaning nuance chooses
make / do, fun / funny, travel / trip / journey — produce or do, enjoyment or laughter, general or specific?
- make = to produce/bring about something new (make a cake, make a decision); do = to carry out a job/task (do homework, do the dishes).
- say = focuses on the words, a person is not required (say something); tell = conveys something to a person, a person is usually required (tell me).
- lend = to give on loan (you give); borrow = to take on loan (you take).
- affect = to affect (verb, A→Action); effect = an effect (noun, E→End result).
- its = its (possessive, NO apostrophe); it's = it is / it has (apostrophe YES).
- fun = enjoyment/enjoyable (have fun); funny = amusing or strange.
- travel = to travel/the general concept; trip = a specific short trip; journey = a long journey from one place to another.
- Most mistakes come from a word-for-word translation from Turkish; don't translate the word, think about its function.
- The right choice usually depends on a fixed pattern — memorise the patterns together with Collocations.
- When in doubt, ask each pair's distinguishing question: Who is doing it? To whom? Is something new being produced?
Karıştırılan kelimelerde "yapı" demek, her kelimenin cümlede hangi dizilişle durduğunu bilmek demektir. En kritik yapı farkları say/tell, lend/borrow ve affect/effect arasındadır. Aşağıda her birinin olumlu, olumsuz ve soru kalıplarını görüyorsun.
say vs tell — nesne dizilişi
Formül: say (+ that) + söz | tell + KİŞİ + şey. 'tell' fiilinden hemen sonra kime söylediğin gelir; 'say' fiilinde kişiyi söylemek istersen to eklersin (say to me).
lend vs borrow — yön dizilişi
Formül: lend + (kişi) + şey ya da lend + şey + to + kişi (veren taraf) | borrow + şey + from + kişi (alan taraf). Kaynak/hedef edatları farklıdır: lend ile to, borrow ile from.
affect vs effect — sözcük türü dizilişi
Formül: özne + affect (fiil) + nesne | have/the/an + effect (isim) + on + nesne. 'affect' cümlede fiil yerinde, 'effect' isim yerinde (genelde 'the/an' ile) durur.
| Soru | Doğal kısa cevap |
|---|---|
| Can I borrow your pen? | Sure, here you are. (sen lend ediyorsun) |
| Did he say anything? | No, he didn't. / Yes, he said he'd call. |
| Did she tell you? | Yes, she told me everything. |
| Is it its or it's? | If you can say 'it is', use it's. |
lend / borrow: "Borrow = Bana lazım, ben alırım" (ikisi de B); veren tarafta lend. Ya da yön oku: borrow ← (bana doğru gelir, from ile), lend → (benden gider, to ile).
With confusable words, "structure" means knowing in which word order each word stands in the sentence. The most critical structural differences are between say/tell, lend/borrow and affect/effect. Below you see the affirmative, negative and question patterns of each.
say vs tell — object order
Formula: say (+ that) + words | tell + PERSON + thing. Right after 'tell' comes the person you told; with 'say', if you want to state the person you add to (say to me).
lend vs borrow — direction order
Formula: lend + (person) + thing or lend + thing + to + person (the giving party) | borrow + thing + from + person (the receiving party). The source/target prepositions differ: to with lend, from with borrow.
affect vs effect — word-class order
Formula: subject + affect (verb) + object | have/the/an + effect (noun) + on + object. 'affect' stands in the verb slot, 'effect' in the noun slot (usually with 'the/an').
| Question | Natural short answer |
|---|---|
| Can I borrow your pen? | Sure, here you are. (you are lending) |
| Did he say anything? | No, he didn't. / Yes, he said he'd call. |
| Did she tell you? | Yes, she told me everything. |
| Is it its or it's? | If you can say 'it is', use it's. |
lend / borrow: "Borrow = Bring to me, I take it" (borrow starts with B); the giver uses lend. Or a direction arrow: borrow ← (comes toward me, with from), lend → (goes from me, with to).
Çoğu karıştırılan kelimede telaffuz sorunu yoktur; ama affect/effect günlük konuşmada neredeyse aynı duyulur. İkisinde de vurgusuz baş hece 'ı' gibi zayıflar (schwa), bu yüzden kulakla ayırt etmek zordur. Bağlamdan (fiil mi isim mi) ilerlemek daha güvenlidir.
| Kelime | Yaklaşık okunuş | Vurgu |
|---|---|---|
| affect (fiil) | ı-FEKT /əˈfekt/ | 2. hecede |
| effect (isim) | i-FEKT /ɪˈfekt/ | 2. hecede |
| fun | fan /fʌn/ | tek hece |
| funny | FA-ni /ˈfʌni/ | 1. hecede |
Most confusable words have no pronunciation problem; but affect/effect sound almost the same in everyday speech. In both, the unstressed first syllable weakens to a schwa, so they are hard to tell apart by ear. It is safer to work from context (verb or noun).
| Word | Approx. reading | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| affect (verb) | uh-FEKT /əˈfekt/ | on the 2nd syllable |
| effect (noun) | ih-FEKT /ɪˈfekt/ | on the 2nd syllable |
| fun | fan /fʌn/ | one syllable |
| funny | FA-ni /ˈfʌni/ | on the 1st syllable |
Aşağıda her çift, en yaygın kullanımdan daha özele doğru örneklerle veriliyor. Her kelimenin "kendi işi" olduğunu unutma.
make / do
make: yeni bir şey ortaya çıkar (ürün, karar, ses, plan). do: bir iş/görev/aktivite yapılır, çoğu zaman belirsiz veya rutindir (work, homework, chores).
say / tell
say: sözün içeriğine odaklanır. tell: bilgiyi birine aktarır; ayrıca bazı sabit kalıplarda kullanılır (tell a story, tell the truth, tell a lie, tell the time, tell the difference).
lend → veren
Sen verirsin; yön senden dışarı. Edat to: lend it to me.
borrow ← alan
Sen alırsın; yön sana doğru. Edat from: borrow it from you.
lend / borrow
affect / effect
its / it's
fun / funny
travel / trip / journey
Below each pair is given with examples from the most common use toward the more specific. Don't forget that every word has "its own job".
make / do
make: something new comes into being (a product, decision, sound, plan). do: a job/task/activity is carried out, often unspecified or routine (work, homework, chores).
say / tell
say: focuses on the content of the words. tell: conveys information to a person; it is also used in some fixed patterns (tell a story, tell the truth, tell a lie, tell the time, tell the difference).
lend → giver
You give; the direction is out from you. Preposition to: lend it to me.
borrow ← receiver
You take; the direction is toward you. Preposition from: borrow it from you.
lend / borrow
affect / effect
its / it's
fun / funny
travel / trip / journey
Karıştırılan kelimelerde 'zaman ifadesi' yerine, hangi kelimeyi seçeceğini gösteren ipucu kelimeleri ve komşu kelimeler vardır. Aşağıdaki tablo, bir kelimeyi görünce hangi eşinin geldiğini tahmin etmene yardımcı olur.
- İşlevi belirle: boşluğa fiil mi, isim mi, iyelik mi geliyor? affect/effect ve its/it's burada çözülür.
- Komşu kelimeye bak: yanındaki ipucu kelimesi hangi eşi çağırıyor? from → borrow, an … on → effect.
- Anlamı doğrula: kim veriyor kim alıyor, yeni bir şey mi üretiliyor? İpucu ile anlam çelişirse anlam kazanır.
| İpucu / komşu kelime | Muhtemel doğru kelime | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| a decision, a mistake, a cake, money | make | make a decision |
| homework, the dishes, a favour, business | do | do the dishes |
| me/him/us hemen fiilden sonra | tell | tell me |
| that / to me | say | say (that) / say to me |
| from + kişi | borrow | borrow ... from |
| to + kişi / me | lend | lend me / lend to |
| an ... on (isim öbeği) | effect | an effect on |
| doğrudan bir nesneyi etkiliyor | affect | affects prices |
| own, tail, name (iyelik) | its | its own |
| going to, been, raining | it's | it's raining |
| on/to somewhere (belirli yer) | trip | a trip to Rome |
| from A to B, took X hours | journey | the journey took |
With confusable words, instead of a 'time expression' there are clue words and neighbouring words that show which word to choose. The table below helps you guess which partner comes when you see a word.
- Identify the function: does a verb, a noun or a possessive go in the gap? affect/effect and its/it's are solved here.
- Look at the neighbouring word: which partner does the clue word next to it call for? from → borrow, an … on → effect.
- Confirm the meaning: who is giving and who is receiving, is something new being produced? If the clue conflicts with the meaning, meaning wins.
| Clue / neighbouring word | Likely correct word | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a decision, a mistake, a cake, money | make | make a decision |
| homework, the dishes, a favour, business | do | do the dishes |
| me/him/us right after the verb | tell | tell me |
| that / to me | say | say (that) / say to me |
| from + person | borrow | borrow ... from |
| to + person / me | lend | lend me / lend to |
| an ... on (noun phrase) | effect | an effect on |
| directly affects an object | affect | affects prices |
| own, tail, name (possessive) | its | its own |
| going to, been, raining | it's | it's raining |
| on/to somewhere (a specific place) | trip | a trip to Rome |
| from A to B, took X hours | journey | the journey took |
Bu çiftlerin çoğu "doğru/yanlış" ötesinde ince anlam farkları taşır. Bunları bilmek, İngilizceni doğaldan zarife taşır.
make do — özel bir deyim
'make' ve 'do' birlikte bir deyim oluşturur: make do (with) = eldekiyle idare etmek, kanaat etmek. Bu ne 'make' ne de 'do'nun normal anlamıdır; kalıp olarak öğrenilir.
effect'in fiil hâli (nadir, resmî)
'effect' genelde isimdir; ama resmî dilde to effect = (bir değişikliği) gerçekleştirmek/hayata geçirmek anlamında fiil olabilir. 'affect' ile karıştırma: affect = etkilemek, effect (fiil) = meydana getirmek.
fun mı funny mi — bakış açısı
Bir şey fun ise sen ondan keyif alırsın (partiler, oyunlar). Bir şey funny ise seni güldürür ya da sana tuhaf gelir. 'A funny party' dersen "tuhaf/garip bir parti" demiş olursun; keyifli demek istiyorsan 'a fun party' dersin.
fun = keyif
Sana keyif verir ama güldürmek zorunda değildir: a fun party (keyifli parti).
funny = gülme / tuhaf
Seni güldürür ya da sana tuhaf gelir: a funny party (tuhaf parti).
trip vs journey — sonuç mu süreç mi
trip genelde gidiş-dönüş bir etkinliği (amacı olan gezi) vurgular; journey ise bir yerden bir yere gitme sürecini/mesafesini vurgular. Mecazi olarak da journey kullanılır: 'life's journey' (hayat yolculuğu).
Most of these pairs carry fine differences in meaning beyond 'right/wrong'. Knowing them takes your English from natural to elegant.
make do — a special idiom
'make' and 'do' together form an idiom: make do (with) = to manage with what you have, to make the best of it. This is neither the normal meaning of 'make' nor of 'do'; it is learned as a fixed phrase.
the verb form of effect (rare, formal)
'effect' is usually a noun; but in formal language to effect can be a verb meaning to bring about/carry out (a change). Don't confuse it with 'affect': affect = to influence, effect (verb) = to bring about.
fun or funny — a matter of perspective
If something is fun, you enjoy it (parties, games). If something is funny, it makes you laugh or seems strange to you. If you say 'A funny party' you have said "a strange/odd party"; if you mean enjoyable, you say 'a fun party'.
fun = enjoyment
It gives you enjoyment but doesn't have to make you laugh: a fun party (an enjoyable party).
funny = laughter / strange
It makes you laugh or seems strange to you: a funny party (a strange party).
trip vs journey — result or process
trip usually emphasises a there-and-back activity (a trip with a purpose); journey emphasises the process/distance of going from one place to another. journey is also used figuratively: 'life's journey'.
Bu bölümün tamamı aslında bir Türkçe-İngilizce eşleşme sorunudur. Türkçe tek kelime kullandığı için, o kelimeyi çevirirken İngilizcede hangi karşılığın gerektiğini anlama göre seçmen gerekir.
Türkçeyi birebir çevirmek bu kelimelerde neredeyse her zaman yanlış seçtirir: “bana söyledi” → said me (yanlış), “ödünç ver” → borrow me (yanlış). Önce Türkçeyi bırak, İngilizce işlevi düşün.
- "Söylemek" → say (söze) ya da tell (kişiye): 'Bana söyle' = tell me, 'Bir şey söyledi' = said something.
- "Ödünç" → lend (vermek) ya da borrow (almak): yön Türkçede bağlamdan, İngilizcede kelimeden gelir.
- "Yapmak" → make (üretmek) ya da do (iş yapmak): 'hata yapmak' = make a mistake, 'ödev yapmak' = do homework.
- "Etkilemek/etki" → affect (fiil) ya da effect (isim): Türkçede kök aynı, İngilizcede tür değişir.
- "Seyahat/yolculuk/gezi" → travel / trip / journey: Türkçe bunları neredeyse eşanlamlı kullanır, İngilizce ayırır.
- "Eğlenceli/komik" → fun (keyifli) ya da funny (güldüren): Türkçede sınır bulanık, İngilizcede net.
This whole section is really a Turkish-English matching problem. Because Turkish uses a single word, when translating it you have to choose the English equivalent according to meaning.
Translating Turkish word-for-word almost always makes you pick the wrong word with these words: “bana söyledi” → said me (wrong), “ödünç ver” → borrow me (wrong). First drop the Turkish, think about the English function.
- "Söylemek" → say (to the words) or tell (to a person): 'Bana söyle' = tell me, 'Bir şey söyledi' = said something.
- "Ödünç" → lend (to give) or borrow (to take): direction comes from context in Turkish, from the word in English.
- "Yapmak" → make (to produce) or do (to do a task): 'hata yapmak' = make a mistake, 'ödev yapmak' = do homework.
- "Etkilemek/etki" → affect (verb) or effect (noun): the root is the same in Turkish, the word class changes in English.
- "Seyahat/yolculuk/gezi" → travel / trip / journey: Turkish uses these almost synonymously, English separates them.
- "Eğlenceli/komik" → fun (enjoyable) or funny (amusing): the line is blurred in Turkish, clear in English.
Karıştırılan kelimeler konusu, doğrudan bazı diğer kelime konularıyla iç içedir. Aşağıdaki tablo hangi konunun ne zaman devreye girdiğini gösterir.
| Konu | Bağlantı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Eş Dizimler (Collocations) | make/do, say/tell seçimi çoğu zaman sabit kalıba bağlıdır | make a mistake, do homework |
| Kelime Türetme | affect→effect, fun→funny gibi tür/ek farkları kelime türetmeyle ilgilidir | fun (isim) → funny (sıfat) |
| Günlük İfadeler | have fun, make do, tell the truth gibi kalıplar günlük ifadelerde geçer | Have fun! / Make do. |
The topic of confusable words is directly intertwined with some other vocabulary topics. The table below shows which topic comes into play and when.
| Topic | Connection | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Collocations | the make/do, say/tell choice often depends on a fixed pattern | make a mistake, do homework |
| Word Formation | word-class/affix differences like affect→effect, fun→funny relate to word formation | fun (noun) → funny (adjective) |
| Everyday Expressions | patterns like have fun, make do, tell the truth appear in everyday expressions | Have fun! / Make do. |
Aşağıdaki hatalar Türk öğrencilerde en sık görülenlerdir. Her birinde neyin neden yanlış olduğuna dikkat et.
The mistakes below are the most common among Turkish learners. In each, notice what is wrong and why.
Kurallar çoğu durumu kapsar ama birkaç özel durum vardır. Bunları kalıp olarak öğrenmek en güvenlisidir.
The rules cover most cases but there are a few special ones. It is safest to learn these as fixed phrases.
Akademik yazıda bu kelimelerin doğru seçimi güvenilirlik işaretidir. Özellikle affect/effect ve its/it's hataları akademik metinde ciddi biçimde göze çarpar. Akademik dilde ayrıca have an effect on, make a distinction, do research gibi kalıplar sıktır.
Akademik yazıda tek bir affect/effect ya da its/it's hatası bile dikkatli bir okuru tökezletir. Teslimden önce yalnızca bu iki çifti tarayan hızlı bir kontrol yap.
- affect (fiil) ve effect (isim) aynı paragrafta doğru şekilde: 'affect ecosystems' vs 'the effect of'.
- do fieldwork / do extensive research → do bir araştırma/görevle gelir.
- make careful distinctions → make bir ayrım/karar ile gelir.
- travel (fiil, genel: 'travel south') ve journey (isim, belirli gidiş) ayrımı.
- its effects: iyelik 'its' (kesme yok), çoğul isim 'effects'.
- tell us that... → tell + kişi (us) + bilgi; akademik metinde bulguların 'söylediği' için yaygın kalıp.
In academic writing, choosing these words correctly is a sign of reliability. In particular, affect/effect and its/it's mistakes stand out seriously in an academic text. In academic language, patterns like have an effect on, make a distinction, do research are also frequent.
In academic writing, even a single affect/effect or its/it's mistake trips up a careful reader. Before submitting, do a quick check scanning only these two pairs.
- affect (verb) and effect (noun) correctly in the same paragraph: 'affect ecosystems' vs 'the effect of'.
- do fieldwork / do extensive research → do comes with research/a task.
- make careful distinctions → make comes with a distinction/decision.
- the distinction between travel (verb, general: 'travel south') and journey (noun, a specific trip).
- its effects: possessive 'its' (no apostrophe), plural noun 'effects'.
- tell us that... → tell + person (us) + information; a common pattern in academic text for what the findings 'tell' us.
- make a plan / make do / make new friends / make it happen → 'make' üretme ve kalıp kullanımları.
- do so many things / do something similar → 'do' belirsiz aktivite ile.
- borrow ... from (aldım) vs lent me (verdi) → yön farkı aynı metinde net.
- tell me / told us / told each other stories → 'tell' + kişi kalıbı; 'say the same thing' → 'say' + söz.
- journey (uzun yolculuk süreci) vs trip (belirli gezi) ayrımı yan yana.
- affected my sister (fiil) vs a strange effect (isim) → affect/effect ayrımı.
- smells funny (tuhaf) vs so much fun / the funniest person (komik/eğlenceli) → fun/funny üç anlamıyla.
- its own character (iyelik, kesme yok) vs it's not just about (it is, kesme var) → its/it's ayrımı.
- make a plan / make do / make new friends / make it happen → productive and fixed uses of 'make'.
- do so many things / do something similar → 'do' with an unspecified activity.
- borrow ... from (I took) vs lent me (gave) → the direction difference is clear in the same text.
- tell me / told us / told each other stories → the 'tell' + person pattern; 'say the same thing' → 'say' + words.
- the distinction between journey (a long travel process) and trip (a specific outing) side by side.
- affected my sister (verb) vs a strange effect (noun) → the affect/effect distinction.
- smells funny (strange) vs so much fun / the funniest person (amusing/enjoyable) → fun/funny in three senses.
- its own character (possessive, no apostrophe) vs it's not just about (it is, with apostrophe) → the its/it's distinction.
Temel (A2)
Orta (B1)
İleri (B2-C1)
Basic (A2)
Intermediate (B1)
Advanced (B2-C1)
Aşağıdaki sorular kural ezberini değil, anlamı kontrol eder. Kendi cümlelerinle cevapla, sonra çözümlere bak.
- 'Say' ve 'tell' arasındaki temel dilbilgisi farkı nedir?'tell' genellikle hemen ardından bir kişiyi (nesneyi) ister (tell me); 'say' istemez, kişi belirtmek için 'to' gerekir (say to me).
- Sen bir kişiye kalemini veriyorsun. 'lend' mi 'borrow' mu?lend — sen veren taraftasın (I lend you my pen).
- 'affect' mi 'effect' mi fiildir, nasıl hatırlarsın?affect fiildir (A = Action); effect isimdir (E = End result).
- 'The dog wagged ___ tail.' — its mi it's mi? Neden?its — iyelik (onun kuyruğu), kesme işareti almaz. 'it is tail' anlamsız olurdu.
- Bir parti keyifliydi ama seni güldürmedi. 'fun' mu 'funny' mi?fun — keyif veren ama mutlaka güldürmeyen bir şey 'fun'dır; 'funny' güldüren ya da tuhaf demektir.
- 'İzmir'den Van'a gidiş 20 saat sürdü.' cümlesinde travel/trip/journey'den hangisi doğal?journey — bir yerden bir yere gidişin süresi/süreci vurgulanıyor (The journey took 20 hours).
The questions below check not rule memorisation but meaning. Answer in your own sentences, then look at the solutions.
- What is the basic grammatical difference between 'say' and 'tell'?'tell' usually wants a person (an object) right after it (tell me); 'say' does not, and 'to' is needed to state the person (say to me).
- You give your pen to a person. 'lend' or 'borrow'?lend — you are the giving party (I lend you my pen).
- Which is a verb, 'affect' or 'effect', and how do you remember?affect is the verb (A = Action); effect is the noun (E = End result).
- 'The dog wagged ___ tail.' — its or it's? Why?its — possessive (its tail), takes no apostrophe. 'it is tail' would be meaningless.
- A party was enjoyable but didn't make you laugh. 'fun' or 'funny'?fun — something enjoyable but not necessarily amusing is 'fun'; 'funny' means amusing or strange.
- In the sentence 'Going from Izmir to Van took 20 hours', which of travel/trip/journey is natural?journey — the duration/process of going from one place to another is emphasised (The journey took 20 hours).
- Don't forget to ___ your homework.do
- She ___ me that the shop was closed.told
- Can I ___ your umbrella? It's raining.borrow
- Too much sugar can ___ your mood.affect
- The cat licked ___ paws.its
- We had so much ___ at the fair.fun
- The ___ from London to Tokyo is very long.journey (kabul: flight)
- I need to ___ a decision by tomorrow.make
- ___ going to be a great day!It's
- He went on a business ___ to Paris.trip
- She said me a funny story.She told me a funny story. (say → tell, kişi var)
- Can you borrow me some money?Can you lend me some money? (sen alan değil veren istiyorsun)
- Smoking effects your lungs.Smoking affects your lungs. (fiil gerekli → affect)
- The company changed it's logo.The company changed its logo. (iyelik → its)
- The trip to the airport took two hours.The journey to the airport took two hours. (süre/süreç → journey; 'trip' de kabul edilebilir ama 'journey' daha doğal)
- We did a party for her birthday.We had a party for her birthday. (parti 'have' ile)
- Bana gerçeği söyle.Tell me the truth.
- Kalemini bana ödünç verir misin?Can you lend me your pen?
- Yağmur planlarımızı etkiledi.The rain affected our plans.
- Roma'ya güzel bir gezi yaptık.We went on a nice trip to Rome.
- Bu şaka çok komik.This joke is very funny.
- Bir karar vermem gerekiyor.I need to make a decision.
- me / she / a / told / secretShe told me a secret.
- lend / can / your / me / you / bike / ?Can you lend me your bike?
- an / had / it / on / effect / sales / bigIt had a big effect on sales.
- was / journey / the / long / veryThe journey was very long.
- Don't forget to ___ your homework.do
- She ___ me that the shop was closed.told
- Can I ___ your umbrella? It's raining.borrow
- Too much sugar can ___ your mood.affect
- The cat licked ___ paws.its
- We had so much ___ at the fair.fun
- The ___ from London to Tokyo is very long.journey (accept: flight)
- I need to ___ a decision by tomorrow.make
- ___ going to be a great day!It's
- He went on a business ___ to Paris.trip
- She said me a funny story.She told me a funny story. (say → tell, a person is present)
- Can you borrow me some money?Can you lend me some money? (you're asking someone to give, not to take)
- Smoking effects your lungs.Smoking affects your lungs. (a verb is needed → affect)
- The company changed it's logo.The company changed its logo. (possessive → its)
- The trip to the airport took two hours.The journey to the airport took two hours. (duration/process → journey; 'trip' is also acceptable but 'journey' is more natural)
- We did a party for her birthday.We had a party for her birthday. (a party goes with 'have')
- Bana gerçeği söyle.Tell me the truth.
- Kalemini bana ödünç verir misin?Can you lend me your pen?
- Yağmur planlarımızı etkiledi.The rain affected our plans.
- Roma'ya güzel bir gezi yaptık.We went on a nice trip to Rome.
- Bu şaka çok komik.This joke is very funny.
- Bir karar vermem gerekiyor.I need to make a decision.
- me / she / a / told / secretShe told me a secret.
- lend / can / your / me / you / bike / ?Can you lend me your bike?
- an / had / it / on / effect / sales / bigIt had a big effect on sales.
- was / journey / the / long / veryThe journey was very long.
Görev: Yaptığın gerçek ya da hayalî bir seyahati anlatan 8-10 cümlelik bir paragraf yaz. Amaç, karıştırılan kelimeleri doğru kullanmak.
Rehber sorular: Nereye trip yaptın? Journey ne kadar sürdü? Kimden bir şey borrow ettin ya da kime lend ettin? Fun muydu? En funny an neydi? Hava planlarını affect etti mi, ne effect yarattı? Dönünce ailene ne said/told?
- Örnek cevabı gösterLast month I went on a trip to Antalya with my friends. The journey by bus took about eight hours, which was tiring, but it was so much fun. I forgot my headphones, so my friend lent me hers, and I borrowed a beach towel from the hotel. The hot weather didn't affect our mood at all; in fact, the sunshine had a great effect on us. Our guide was really funny and told us many stories about the old city. Every street had its own charm. When I got home, I told my family it's one of the best trips I've ever taken.
Task: Write a paragraph of 8-10 sentences describing a real or imaginary trip you took. The goal is to use the confusable words correctly.
Guide questions: Where did you take a trip? How long did the journey take? Who did you borrow something from, or who did you lend to? Was it fun? What was the funnyest moment? Did it affect your plans, what effect did it have? What did you say/tell your family when you got back?
- Show the sample answerLast month I went on a trip to Antalya with my friends. The journey by bus took about eight hours, which was tiring, but it was so much fun. I forgot my headphones, so my friend lent me hers, and I borrowed a beach towel from the hotel. The hot weather didn't affect our mood at all; in fact, the sunshine had a great effect on us. Our guide was really funny and told us many stories about the old city. Every street had its own charm. When I got home, I told my family it's one of the best trips I've ever taken.
Kavram kontrolü için tercüme yaptırma; bunun yerine "Bu cümlede kim veriyor kim alıyor?" (lend/borrow), "Bu bir fiil mi isim mi?" (affect/effect) gibi ayırıcı sorular sor. Öğrenci doğru kelimeyi kuralı ezberleyerek değil, doğru soruyu sorarak bulmalı.
Etkinlik önerisi: "Odd one out" oyunu — tahtaya karışık cümleler yaz (bazıları hatalı), öğrenciler hatalıyı bulup düzeltsin ve nedenini tam cümleyle açıklasın. Bir başka etkinlik: kartlarda Türkçe cümleler ('Bana söyledi', 'Ödünç ver', 'Bir karar ver'), öğrenciler doğru İngilizce çifti seçsin. affect/effect ve its/it's için kısa dikte pratiği çok işe yarar çünkü bunlar yazı hatalarıdır.
For concept checking, don't have them translate; instead ask distinguishing questions like 'Who is giving and who is receiving in this sentence?' (lend/borrow), 'Is this a verb or a noun?' (affect/effect). The student should find the right word by asking the right question, not by memorising a rule.
Activity idea: an 'Odd one out' game — write mixed sentences on the board (some with errors), have students find and fix the wrong one and explain the reason in a full sentence. Another activity: cards with Turkish sentences ('Bana söyledi', 'Ödünç ver', 'Bir karar ver'), and students choose the correct English pair. For affect/effect and its/it's, short dictation practice works very well because these are writing errors.
- make yeni bir şey üretir, do bir görevi yapar — emin değilsen kalıba bak (Eş Dizimler (Collocations)).
- tell genelde bir kişi (nesne) ister (tell me); say istemez (say to me).
- lend = ödünç vermek (veren sen), borrow = ödünç almak (alan sen, from ile).
- affect fiildir (A→Action), effect isimdir (E→End result); effect'in nadir fiil hâli = gerçekleştirmek.
- its iyelik (kesme yok), it's = it is/it has (kesme var) — 'it is' diyebiliyorsan it's.
- fun keyif verir, funny güldürür ya da tuhaftır.
- travel genel kavram, trip belirli (kısa) gezi, journey bir yerden bir yere gidiş süreci.
- Türkçeden birebir çeviri bu kelimelerde neredeyse hep yanlış seçtirir — kelimeyi değil işlevini düşün.
- İpucu kelimeleri (from, an ... on, own...) yardımcı olur ama garanti değildir; anlamı doğrula.
- Sonraki adım: kelime türetme kuralları için Ön Ekler ve Son Ekler.
- make produces something new, do performs a task — if unsure, look at the pattern (Collocations).
- tell usually wants a person (an object) (tell me); say does not (say to me).
- lend = to lend (you give), borrow = to borrow (you take, with from).
- affect is a verb (A→Action), effect is a noun (E→End result); the rare verb form of effect = to bring about.
- its possessive (no apostrophe), it's = it is/it has (with apostrophe) — if you can say 'it is', it's.
- fun is enjoyable, funny is amusing or strange.
- travel the general concept, trip a specific (short) outing, journey the process of going from one place to another.
- A word-for-word translation from Turkish almost always makes you pick wrong with these words — think about the function, not the word.
- Clue words (from, an ... on, own...) help but are not a guarantee; confirm the meaning.
- Next step: for word-formation rules, Prefixes and Suffixes.