Phrasal verb, bir fiil ile ona eklenen küçük bir kelimenin (edat ya da zarf; buna particle denir) birleşmesinden doğan bir öbektir. Önemli olan şu: bu öbek çoğu zaman ne sadece fiilin ne de particle'ın tek başına anlamını taşır; ikisi birleşince yeni ve çoğu zaman tahmin edilemez bir anlam ortaya çıkar. Örneğin give 'vermek', up 'yukarı' demektir; ama give up 'bırakmak, vazgeçmek' anlamına gelir. Aradaki mantığı zorlamak yerine öbeği tek bir kelime gibi öğrenmek gerekir.
Neden var? İngilizce, günlük konuşmada Latince kökenli 'ağır' fiiller yerine (tolerate, extinguish, postpone) kısa ve Germen kökenli fiil+particle öbeklerini tercih eder (put up with, put out, put off). Bu yüzden phrasal verb bilmek, İngilizceyi kitabî değil doğal konuşmanın anahtarıdır. Bir konuşmacı 'The meeting was postponed' derse resmî; 'They put the meeting off' derse gündelik ve akıcı ses verir.
Türkçede bir benzeri var mı? Kısmen. Türkçede de 'karar vermek', 'göz atmak', 'yola çıkmak' gibi birleşik/deyimsel fiiller vardır; anlam tek tek kelimelerden çıkmaz. Ancak Türkçe bu anlamı çoğu zaman tek bir fiille de karşılar: call off = iptal etmek, find out = öğrenmek. İşte tam da bu yüzden phrasal verb Türk öğrenciyi zorlar: Türkçede tek fiil olan bir şeyi İngilizcede iki parçaya bölünmüş görürüz ve 'hangi particle?' sorusu ezber gerektirir.
Neden zor? Üç sebep: (1) Anlam tahmin edilemez (opaque). (2) Aynı fiil onlarca farklı particle ile onlarca farklı anlam üretir (get up, get on, get over, get through, get by...). (3) Dilbilgisi kuralı vardır: bazı phrasal verb'ler nesneyi araya alır (turn it on), bazıları almaz (look after her). Bu konu hem kelime hem dilbilgisi konusudur; Deyimler ile aynı 'anlamı parçalardan çıkaramama' ailesindendir.
A phrasal verb is a phrase that arises from combining a verb with a small word added to it (a preposition or adverb; this is called a particle). The key point is this: this phrase often carries neither the meaning of the verb nor of the particle alone; when the two combine, a new and often unpredictable meaning emerges. For example, give means 'to give' and up means 'upward'; but give up means 'to quit, to give up'. Instead of forcing the logic between them, you need to learn the phrase like a single word.
Why does it exist? In everyday speech, English prefers short, Germanic verb+particle phrases (put up with, put out, put off) over 'heavy' Latinate verbs (tolerate, extinguish, postpone). That is why knowing phrasal verbs is the key to speaking English naturally rather than bookishly. If a speaker says 'The meeting was postponed' it sounds formal; if they say 'They put the meeting off' it sounds everyday and fluent.
Is there a Turkish equivalent? Partly. Turkish also has compound/idiomatic verbs such as 'karar vermek', 'göz atmak', 'yola çıkmak'; the meaning does not come from the individual words. However, Turkish often covers this meaning with a single verb too: call off = to cancel, find out = to learn. This is exactly why phrasal verbs challenge Turkish learners: we see something that is a single verb in Turkish split into two parts in English, and the question 'which particle?' requires memorisation.
Why is it hard? Three reasons: (1) The meaning is unpredictable (opaque). (2) The same verb produces dozens of different meanings with dozens of different particles (get up, get on, get over, get through, get by...). (3) There is a grammar rule: some phrasal verbs take the object in the middle (turn it on), some do not (look after her). This topic is both a vocabulary and a grammar topic; it belongs to the same 'cannot derive the meaning from the parts' family as Idioms.
- Phrasal verb = fiil + particle (edat/zarf): get + up = get up (kalkmak).
- Anlam çoğu zaman parçalardan tahmin edilemez: give up = vazgeçmek (vermek+yukarı değil).
- İki büyük dilbilgisi ayrımı: geçişli/geçişsiz (nesne alır mı?) ve ayrılabilir/ayrılamaz (nesne araya girer mi?).
- Ayrılabilir olanda isim nesne iki yere de gelebilir: turn off the TV / turn the TV off.
- Ama zamir nesne HER ZAMAN araya girer: turn it off ✓ — turn off it ✗.
- Ayrılamaz olanda nesne particle'dan sonra gelir: look after the baby ✓ — look the baby after ✗.
- Bazıları üç öğelidir: put up with (katlanmak) — bu öbek asla ayrılmaz.
- Aynı fiil farklı particle ile farklı anlam üretir: take off, take up, take over, take in.
- Konuşma dilinde phrasal verb, resmî yazıda tek fiil tercih edilir: put off (günlük) ≈ postpone (resmî).
- En iyi yöntem: öbeği tek kelime gibi, örnek cümlesiyle birlikte ezberlemek.
- Phrasal verb = verb + particle (preposition/adverb): get + up = get up (to get up).
- The meaning is often unpredictable from the parts: give up = to quit (not give+up).
- Two big grammar distinctions: transitive/intransitive (does it take an object?) and separable/inseparable (does the object go in the middle?).
- With a separable one, a noun object can go in either place: turn off the TV / turn the TV off.
- But a pronoun object ALWAYS goes in the middle: turn it off ✓ — turn off it ✗.
- With an inseparable one, the object comes after the particle: look after the baby ✓ — look the baby after ✗.
- Some are three-part: put up with (to tolerate) — this phrase is never separated.
- The same verb produces different meanings with different particles: take off, take up, take over, take in.
- In spoken language a phrasal verb is preferred, in formal writing a single verb: put off (everyday) ≈ postpone (formal).
- The best method: memorise the phrase like a single word, together with its example sentence.
Phrasal verb'ün 'kuruluşu' özne çekimiyle değil, fiilin dilbilgisel tipiyle ilgilidir. Fiilin kendisi normal İngilizce fiili gibi çekilir (I get up, she gets up, they got up); mesele nesnenin nereye konacağıdır. Dört temel dizilim vardır.
- Geçişsiz: nesne yoktur, araya hiçbir şey girmez — sit down, break down.
- Ayrılabilir geçişli: isim nesne serbesttir, iki dizilim de doğru — turn off the lights / turn the lights off.
- Ayrılamaz geçişli: nesne, isim de zamir de olsa particle'dan sonra gelir — look after her.
- Olumsuz ve soru: yardımcı fiil öne geçer, particle fiile yapışık kalır — Did you give up?
1. Geçişsiz (nesne yok)
Formül: özne + fiil + particle. Araya hiçbir şey girmez, zaten nesne yoktur.
2. Ayrılabilir geçişli (isim nesne)
Formül: fiil + nesne + particle VEYA fiil + particle + nesne. İsim nesne olduğunda ikisi de doğrudur; anlam değişmez.
3. Ayrılamaz geçişli
Formül: fiil + particle + nesne. İsim de olsa zamir de olsa nesne particle'dan SONRA gelir; araya asla girmez.
Olumsuz ve soru
Phrasal verb'ün olumsuzu ve sorusu, içindeki fiilin normal kuralıyla yapılır; particle sadece fiile 'yapışık' kalır. Yardımcı fiil (do/does/did, be, will vb.) fiilin önüne geçer, particle yerinde durur.
| Soru | Olumlu kısa cevap | Olumsuz kısa cevap |
|---|---|---|
| Did they call it off? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
| Have you filled it in? | Yes, I have. | No, I haven't. |
| Is he getting over the flu? | Yes, he is. | No, he isn't. |
The 'structure' of a phrasal verb is not about subject conjugation but about the grammatical type of the verb. The verb itself is conjugated like a normal English verb (I get up, she gets up, they got up); the issue is where to place the object. There are four basic arrangements.
- Intransitive: there is no object, nothing goes in the middle — sit down, break down.
- Separable transitive: a noun object is free, both arrangements are correct — turn off the lights / turn the lights off.
- Inseparable transitive: the object, whether noun or pronoun, comes after the particle — look after her.
- Negative and question: the auxiliary moves to the front, the particle stays attached to the verb — Did you give up?
1. Intransitive (no object)
Formula: subject + verb + particle. Nothing comes in the middle; there is no object anyway.
2. Separable transitive (noun object)
Formula: verb + object + particle OR verb + particle + object. When the object is a noun, both are correct; the meaning does not change.
3. Inseparable transitive
Formula: verb + particle + object. Whether it is a noun or a pronoun, the object comes AFTER the particle; it never goes in the middle.
Negative and question
The negative and question of a phrasal verb are made with the normal rule of the verb inside it; the particle just stays 'attached' to the verb. The auxiliary (do/does/did, be, will etc.) moves in front of the verb, the particle stays in place.
| Question | Affirmative short answer | Negative short answer |
|---|---|---|
| Did they call it off? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
| Have you filled it in? | Yes, I have. | No, I haven't. |
| Is he getting over the flu? | Yes, he is. | No, he isn't. |
Phrasal verb'ler günlük hayatın her alanına yayılır. Aşağıda en sık kullanılan anlam gruplarını, en yaygından daha özele doğru, bol örnekle veriyoruz. Her öbeği örnek cümlesiyle birlikte ezberlemeye çalış.
Rutin ve hareket
get up (kalkmak), set off (yola çıkmak), put on (giymek). En yüksek sıklıklı, en erken öğrenilen küme.
Teknoloji ve cihazlar
turn on / off (açmak/kapatmak), plug in (fişe takmak), shut down (kapanmak). Çoğu ayrılabilir: turn it on.
İlişki ve iletişim
get on with (geçinmek), break up (ayrılmak), look after (bakmak). Konuşmaya sıcaklık katan küme.
1) Günlük rutin ve hareket
2) Teknoloji ve cihazlar
3) İş ve organizasyon
4) İlişkiler ve iletişim
5) Öğrenme, bilgi ve keşif
6) Duygular ve zorluklar (daha ileri)
Phrasal verbs spread into every area of daily life. Below we give the most commonly used meaning groups, from the most general to the more specific, with plenty of examples. Try to memorise each phrase together with its example sentence.
Routine and movement
get up (to get up), set off (to set out), put on (to put on). The highest-frequency, earliest-learned cluster.
Technology and devices
turn on / off (to switch on/off), plug in (to plug in), shut down (to shut down). Most are separable: turn it on.
Relationships and communication
get on with (to get along), break up (to split up), look after (to take care of). A cluster that adds warmth to speech.
1) Daily routine and movement
2) Technology and devices
3) Work and organisation
4) Relationships and communication
5) Learning, information and discovery
6) Emotions and difficulties (more advanced)
Phrasal verb'lerde 'zaman ifadesi' yoktur (bunlar zaman değil kelime konusudur), ama her phrasal verb belirli nesnelerle ve bağlamlarla eşdizim (collocation) yapar. Doğru particle'ı hatırlamanın en güçlü yolu, o öbeğin tipik nesnesini birlikte belleğe kaydetmektir. Aşağıdaki tablo sık çiftleri gösterir.
| Phrasal verb | Anlam | Sık kullanılan nesne / bağlam |
|---|---|---|
| turn on / off | açmak / kapatmak | the light, the TV, the tap, the engine |
| put on / take off | giymek / çıkarmak | your coat, shoes, glasses, make-up |
| fill in / out | doldurmak | a form, an application, a questionnaire |
| call off | iptal etmek | a meeting, a match, a wedding, a deal |
| give up | bırakmak | smoking, chocolate, hope, your job |
| look after | bakmak | children, a pet, the house, a patient |
| get over | atlatmak | an illness, a shock, a breakup, jet lag |
| run out of | tükenmek | money, time, milk, patience, ideas |
Phrasal verbs have no 'time expression' (they are a vocabulary, not a tense, topic), but every phrasal verb collocates with certain objects and contexts. The most powerful way to remember the right particle is to store the phrase's typical object together with it. The table below shows frequent pairs.
| Phrasal verb | Meaning | Frequently used object / context |
|---|---|---|
| turn on / off | to switch on / off | the light, the TV, the tap, the engine |
| put on / take off | to put on / take off | your coat, shoes, glasses, make-up |
| fill in / out | to fill in | a form, an application, a questionnaire |
| call off | to cancel | a meeting, a match, a wedding, a deal |
| give up | to give up | smoking, chocolate, hope, your job |
| look after | to look after | children, a pet, the house, a patient |
| get over | to get over | an illness, a shock, a breakup, jet lag |
| run out of | to run out of | money, time, milk, patience, ideas |
Phrasal verb'lerin en zorlu tarafı, çok anlamlılıktır: aynı öbek bağlama göre bambaşka anlamlar taşıyabilir. take off bir uçak için 'kalkmak', bir giysi için 'çıkarmak', bir iş için 'birden başarılı olmak/patlama yapmak' anlamına gelir. Doğru anlamı tahmin etmenin yolu özneye ve nesneye bakmaktır.
İkinci incelik: particle çoğu zaman bir 'anlam yönü' taşır. Bunu sezmek, yeni öbekleri tahmin etmene yardım eder. up genelde tamamlanma/artış (finish/increase: eat up, use up, speak up); out ortaya çıkma veya bitirme (find out, run out, sort out); on devam etme (carry on, go on); off ayrılma/durdurma (take off, call off, break off); down azalma veya kayıt (calm down, write down).
Üçüncü incelik: vurgu ve doğallık. Konuşmada phrasal verb kullanmak, seni ana dili İngilizce olan biri gibi gösterir. 'We need to discuss this' doğrudur ama biraz resmî; 'We need to talk this over' daha sıcak ve doğaldır. Doğru register seçimi, ne dediğin kadar nasıl algılandığını da belirler.
The most challenging aspect of phrasal verbs is polysemy: the same phrase can carry completely different meanings depending on context. take off means 'to depart' for a plane, 'to remove' for a garment, and 'to suddenly succeed/take off' for a business. The way to guess the right meaning is to look at the subject and the object.
Second nuance: the particle often carries a 'direction of meaning'. Sensing this helps you guess new phrases. up usually means completion/increase (finish/increase: eat up, use up, speak up); out emerging or finishing (find out, run out, sort out); on continuing (carry on, go on); off separating/stopping (take off, call off, break off); down decreasing or recording (calm down, write down).
Third nuance: emphasis and naturalness. Using phrasal verbs in speech makes you sound like a native English speaker. 'We need to discuss this' is correct but a little formal; 'We need to talk this over' is warmer and more natural. Choosing the right register determines not only what you say but how it is perceived.
Türkçe phrasal verb'e en yakın yapı birleşik/deyimsel fiillerdir (yola çıkmak, göz atmak, vazgeçmek, denk gelmek). Ancak iki dil arasında kritik farklar vardır ve bu farklar Türk öğrencinin en sık hatalarının kaynağıdır.
Türkçede tek fiil olan bir eylemi (bakmak, beklemek) İngilizcede particle'sız söyleme tuzağına düşme: look ≠ look after, wait ≠ wait for. Türkçe mantığı particle'ı düşürmeye iter; anlamı taşıyan asıl parça çoğu zaman o küçük particle'dır.
- Türkçe çoğu phrasal verb'ü tek fiille karşılar (call off = iptal etmek, find out = öğrenmek). Bu yüzden öğrenci 'hangi particle?' bilgisini üretemez, ezberlemek zorundadır.
- Türkçede kelime sonuna ek gelir (kalk-tı-m); İngilizcede anlam ayrı bir particle'a dağılır (get up). Beynimiz 'ekleri' arar ama İngilizce particle'ı fiilden ayırabilir.
- Türkçede nesne + fiil sırası (kitabı oku) doğal; İngilizcede ayrılabilir phrasal verb'te nesnenin yeri değişebilir (turn the TV off / turn off the TV) — bu esneklik Türkçede yoktur.
- Türkçe 'için/-e/-den' gibi durum eklerini fiile bağlar; İngilizcede yanlış edat seçilirse (wait for ✓ / *wait to ✗) anlam bozulur. Edat=particle seçimi Türkçedeki durum ekinin karşılığı gibidir ama birebir örtüşmez.
The closest Turkish structure to a phrasal verb is the compound/idiomatic verb (yola çıkmak, göz atmak, vazgeçmek, denk gelmek). However, there are critical differences between the two languages, and these differences are the source of Turkish learners' most frequent errors.
Do not fall into the trap of saying an action that is a single verb in Turkish (bakmak, beklemek) without its particle in English: look ≠ look after, wait ≠ wait for. Turkish logic pushes you to drop the particle; the part that actually carries the meaning is often that small particle.
- Turkish covers most phrasal verbs with a single verb (call off = to cancel, find out = to learn). That is why the learner cannot generate the 'which particle?' information and has to memorise it.
- In Turkish a suffix is added to the end of the word (kalk-tı-m); in English the meaning is spread onto a separate particle (get up). Our brain looks for 'suffixes', but English can separate the particle from the verb.
- In Turkish the object + verb order (kitabı oku) is natural; in English, in a separable phrasal verb, the position of the object can change (turn the TV off / turn off the TV) — this flexibility does not exist in Turkish.
- Turkish attaches case suffixes like 'için/-e/-den' to the verb; in English, if the wrong preposition is chosen (wait for ✓ / *wait to ✗), the meaning breaks. Choosing the preposition=particle is like the equivalent of the Turkish case suffix, but it does not overlap exactly.
Phrasal verb'ler birkaç komşu konuyla karıştırılır. Aralarındaki farkı netleştirelim.
Phrasal verb
Anlam parçalardan çıkmaz; particle ayrılabilir ve vurgulanabilir. turn off the TV / turn the TV off.
Prepositional verb
Anlam daha şeffaftır; sabit edat hep nesneden önce durur, ayrılmaz. wait for, listen to, depend on.
| Yapı | Ne demek | Örnek | Fark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phrasal verb | Fiil + particle, yeni anlam | give up (pes etmek) | Anlam parçalardan çıkmaz; dilbilgisel kuralı var (ayrılabilir/ayrılamaz). |
| Prepositional verb | Fiil + sabit edat, anlam daha şeffaf | wait for, listen to, depend on | Edat hep nesneden önce; genelde ayrılamaz. Sınır bulanık; birçok kaynak ikisini birlikte anar. |
| Idiom (Deyimler) | Sabit kalıp, tamamen mecazi | kick the bucket (nalları dikmek) | Idiom bir cümle/öbek kalıbı; phrasal verb bir fiildir ve çekilir. |
| Collocation (Eş Dizimler (Collocations)) | Sık birlikte kullanılan kelimeler | make a decision, heavy rain | Anlam şeffaf; sadece 'doğru eş' seçimi. Phrasal verb'te anlam gizlenir. |
| Fiil + zarf (gerçek) | Zarf yönü belirtir, anlam sabit | walk away, look up (başını kaldır) | Anlam gerçek/tahmin edilebilir; deyimsel phrasal verb'ten farkı budur. |
Phrasal verbs are confused with a few neighbouring topics. Let's clarify the differences between them.
Phrasal verb
The meaning does not come from the parts; the particle can be separated and stressed. turn off the TV / turn the TV off.
Prepositional verb
The meaning is more transparent; the fixed preposition always stands before the object and is not separated. wait for, listen to, depend on.
| Structure | What it means | Example | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phrasal verb | Verb + particle, new meaning | give up (to give up) | The meaning does not come from the parts; it has a grammar rule (separable/inseparable). |
| Prepositional verb | Verb + fixed preposition, more transparent meaning | wait for, listen to, depend on | The preposition always comes before the object; usually inseparable. The boundary is blurry; many sources treat the two together. |
| Idiom (Idioms) | Fixed pattern, fully figurative | kick the bucket (to kick the bucket) | An idiom is a sentence/phrase pattern; a phrasal verb is a verb and is conjugated. |
| Collocation (Collocations) | Words frequently used together | make a decision, heavy rain | The meaning is transparent; only the 'right partner' is chosen. In a phrasal verb the meaning is hidden. |
| Verb + adverb (literal) | The adverb shows direction, the meaning is fixed | walk away, look up (raise your head) | The meaning is literal/predictable; this is what distinguishes it from an idiomatic phrasal verb. |
Doğru refleksi tek cümlede tut: zamir → araya, isim → serbest. Ayrılabilir bir öbekte it/them/him her zaman fiil ile particle arasına girer (turn it off); isim nesne ise iki yere de konabilir (turn off the light / turn the light off).
Keep the right reflex in one sentence: pronoun → in the middle, noun → free. In a separable phrase, it/them/him always goes between the verb and the particle (turn it off); if the object is a noun, it can go in either place (turn off the light / turn the light off).
Phrasal verb'lerin kuralları geneldir ama birkaç özel durum vardır. Bunları bilmek ileri seviyeyi ayırır.
- Bazı ayrılabilir fiiller uzun nesnede ayrılmaz. Nesne çok uzunsa, doğal İngilizce nesneyi sona atar: Turn off all the lights that are still on in the upstairs rooms. (Araya koymak kulağı yorar.)
- Bazı phrasal verb'ler yalnızca edilgen kullanılır ya da isimleşir: a checkup (muayene), a takeoff (kalkış), a breakdown (çöküş/arıza) — fiil isme dönüşünce bitişik yazılır.
- Üç öğeli fiiller asla ayrılmaz: put up with, get on with, look forward to, come up with, run out of. Nesne hep en sonda.
- Aynı öbek geçişli ve geçişsiz olabilir: break down geçişsiz 'bozulmak' (The car broke down) veya geçişli 'analiz etmek/ayrıştırmak' (Break the problem down).
The rules of phrasal verbs are general, but there are a few special cases. Knowing them sets the advanced level apart.
- Some separable verbs are not separated with a long object. If the object is very long, natural English puts the object at the end: Turn off all the lights that are still on in the upstairs rooms. (Putting it in the middle tires the ear.)
- Some phrasal verbs are only used in the passive or become nouns: a checkup (an examination), a takeoff, a breakdown — when the verb turns into a noun it is written as one word.
- Three-part verbs are never separated: put up with, get on with, look forward to, come up with, run out of. The object always comes at the very end.
- The same phrase can be transitive and intransitive: break down intransitive 'to break down' (The car broke down) or transitive 'to analyse/break apart' (Break the problem down).
Phrasal verb'ler günlük konuşmanın kalbindedir. Aynı fikri phrasal verb'le söylemek, tek fiille söylemekten çok daha doğal ve sıcak durur. Aşağıdaki diyalog, sıradan bir sabahın phrasal verb'lerle nasıl dolu olduğunu gösterir.
Phrasal verbs are at the heart of everyday speech. Saying the same idea with a phrasal verb sounds far more natural and warm than saying it with a single verb. The dialogue below shows how an ordinary morning is full of phrasal verbs.
Akademik ve resmî yazıda ilginç bir denge vardır. Bir yandan bazı phrasal verb'ler (carry out, point out, set up, bring about, result in) akademik metnin standart parçasıdır. Öte yandan, gündelik/deyimsel phrasal verb'ler (put up with, get across, sort out) resmî yazıda tek fiilli Latince kökenli karşılıklarıyla değiştirilir (tolerate, convey, resolve). Doğru register seçimi olgunluk göstergesidir.
| Günlük (phrasal) | Resmî (tek fiil) | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| put off | postpone | ertelemek |
| find out | discover / determine | öğrenmek/saptamak |
| give up | abandon / relinquish | vazgeçmek/bırakmak |
| look into | investigate / examine | araştırmak/incelemek |
| put up with | tolerate | katlanmak |
| go up / go down | increase / decrease | artmak/azalmak |
- set out to = -e girişmek/yola çıkmak; akademik giriş kalıbı.
- carry out = (deney/araştırma) yürütmek; en yaygın akademik phrasal verb'lerdendir.
- point out = dikkat çekmek; bulguları sunarken standart.
- go up / increase yan yana: resmî yazıda ikisi de kullanılabilir, çeşitlilik sağlar.
- break down (results) = ayrıştırmak/analiz etmek; burada geçişli kullanım.
- turn out = -in olduğu ortaya çıkmak; sonucu duyururken çok kullanılır.
- rule out = elemek/dışlamak ve set forth = ortaya koymak: ikisi de resmî register.
There is an interesting balance in academic and formal writing. On one hand, some phrasal verbs (carry out, point out, set up, bring about, result in) are a standard part of academic text. On the other hand, everyday/idiomatic phrasal verbs (put up with, get across, sort out) are replaced in formal writing by their single-word Latinate equivalents (tolerate, convey, resolve). Choosing the right register is a sign of maturity.
| Everyday (phrasal) | Formal (single verb) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| put off | postpone | to postpone |
| find out | discover / determine | to learn/determine |
| give up | abandon / relinquish | to give up/abandon |
| look into | investigate / examine | to investigate/examine |
| put up with | tolerate | to tolerate |
| go up / go down | increase / decrease | to increase/decrease |
- set out to = to set out/embark on; an academic opening pattern.
- carry out = to carry out (an experiment/study); one of the most common academic phrasal verbs.
- point out = to point out; standard when presenting findings.
- go up / increase side by side: both can be used in formal writing, providing variety.
- break down (results) = to break apart/analyse; a transitive use here.
- turn out = to turn out to be; very common when announcing a result.
- rule out = to eliminate/exclude and set forth = to put forward: both are formal register.
- go off = (alarm) çalmak; turn off = kapatmak — aynı particle 'off' iki farklı öbekte iki farklı anlam.
- wake up (uyanmak) ile woke up: düzensiz geçmiş; particle 'up' değişmeden kalır.
- run down = (akü/pil) bitmek; work out = çözmek/anlamak — ikisi de geçişsiz/geçişli fark taşır.
- fill somebody in = birini bilgilendirmek; ayrılabilir (fill her in) — zamir araya girdi.
- turn up = beklenmedik/gecikmeli gelmek; come across = tesadüfen bulmak (geçmiş: came across).
- come out = (güneş) çıkmak; end up + V-ing = sonunda bir şey yapmak.
- put up with = katlanmak (üç öğeli); look forward to + V-ing = dört gözle beklemek — 'to'dan sonra -ing dikkat.
- work out (burada) = yoluna girmek/iyi sonuçlanmak: aynı öbeğin ikinci anlamı, bağlamdan çözülür.
- set out to = -e girişmek/niyetlenmek; slow down = yavaşlamak; turn back = geri dönmek — hareket ve niyet öbekleri.
- cheer somebody on = birini yüreklendirmek/desteklemek; give in = pes etmek; roll in = (bulut) toplanıp gelmek; clear up = (hava) açmak; talk over = enine boyuna konuşmak.
- go off = (alarm) to go off; turn off = to switch off — the same particle 'off' with two different meanings in two different phrases.
- wake up (to wake) with woke up: irregular past; the particle 'up' stays unchanged.
- run down = (battery) to run down; work out = to solve/figure out — both carry an intransitive/transitive difference.
- fill somebody in = to inform someone; separable (fill her in) — the pronoun goes in the middle.
- turn up = to arrive unexpectedly/late; come across = to find by chance (past: came across).
- come out = (the sun) to come out; end up + V-ing = to end up doing something.
- put up with = to tolerate (three-part); look forward to + V-ing = to look forward to — note the -ing after 'to'.
- work out (here) = to turn out well/end up fine: a second meaning of the same phrase, resolved from context.
- set out to = to set out/intend to; slow down = to slow down; turn back = to turn back — movement and intention phrases.
- cheer somebody on = to cheer/encourage someone; give in = to give up; roll in = (clouds) to gather and roll in; clear up = (weather) to clear up; talk over = to talk over in detail.
Temel (A2) — en sık, gerçek anlamlı öbekler
Orta (B1) — ayrılabilir/ayrılamaz ve zamir kuralı
İleri (B2-C1) — çok anlamlılık, üç öğeli, register
Basic (A2) — the most frequent, literal phrases
Intermediate (B1) — separable/inseparable and the pronoun rule
Advanced (B2-C1) — polysemy, three-part, register
Aşağıdaki sorular kural değil anlam ve kavrama ölçer. Cevaplamadan önce her cümlenin bağlamını düşün; sonra cevapları aç.
- 'The plane took off' ve 'Take off your shoes' cümlelerinde 'take off' aynı anlama mı gelir? Neden?Hayır. İlkinde 'take off' = (uçak) kalkmak; ikincisinde = çıkarmak (giysi). Aynı öbek, farklı bağlam, farklı anlam — bu phrasal verb'lerin çok anlamlılığıdır.
- 'Turn off it' neden yanlıştır?Çünkü zamir nesne (it) ayrılabilir bir phrasal verb'te asla particle'dan sonra gelmez; her zaman araya girer: 'turn it off'.
- 'look after' ile 'look for' arasındaki fark nedir?'look after' = bakmak/ilgilenmek (look after the baby); 'look for' = aramak (look for your keys). Particle anlamı tamamen değiştirir.
- 'She gave up smoking' cümlesinde neden 'smoking' (gerund) var, 'to smoke' değil?Çünkü 'give up' bir fiil aldığında ardından -ing (gerund) gelir. Bu, birçok phrasal verb'ün gramer kalıbıdır; 'to smoke' yanlıştır.
- 'put off' resmî bir rapora uygun mu? Değilse ne kullanılır?Genelde gündeliktir; resmî yazıda 'postpone' tercih edilir. Ancak bağlam yarı resmîyse 'put off' de kabul edilebilir.
The following questions measure not the rule but meaning and comprehension. Before answering, think about the context of each sentence; then reveal the answers.
- In 'The plane took off' and 'Take off your shoes', does 'take off' mean the same thing? Why?No. In the first, 'take off' = (a plane) to depart; in the second = to remove (a garment). The same phrase, different context, different meaning — this is the polysemy of phrasal verbs.
- Why is 'Turn off it' wrong?Because a pronoun object (it) never comes after the particle in a separable phrasal verb; it always goes in the middle: 'turn it off'.
- What is the difference between 'look after' and 'look for'?'look after' = to care for/look after (look after the baby); 'look for' = to search for (look for your keys). The particle completely changes the meaning.
- In 'She gave up smoking', why is it 'smoking' (a gerund) and not 'to smoke'?Because when 'give up' takes a verb, it is followed by -ing (a gerund). This is the grammar pattern of many phrasal verbs; 'to smoke' is wrong.
- Is 'put off' suitable for a formal report? If not, what is used?It is usually everyday; in formal writing 'postpone' is preferred. However, if the context is semi-formal, 'put off' can also be acceptable.
- Could you turn ___ the music? It's too loud.off (Müziği kapatır mısın?)
- I'm looking ___ my glasses. Have you seen them?for (Gözlüğümü arıyorum.)
- We need to find ___ what time the train leaves.out (Trenin kaçta kalktığını öğrenmemiz gerek.)
- She can't put up ___ his constant complaining.with (Sürekli şikâyetine katlanamıyor.)
- Please look ___ the children while I'm gone.after (Ben yokken çocuklara bak.)
- Don't give ___ — you can do this!up (Pes etme — bunu yapabilirsin!)
- Please turn off it before you go.Please turn it off before you go. (Zamir araya girmeli.)
- I look my sister after every weekend.I look after my sister every weekend. (look after ayrılamaz.)
- He gave up to drink coffee.He gave up drinking coffee. (give up + V-ing.)
- We waited the bus for twenty minutes.We waited for the bus for twenty minutes. ('for' düşürülemez.)
- I'm looking forward to see you.I'm looking forward to seeing you. ('to' + V-ing.)
- Toplantıyı yarına ertelediler.They put off the meeting until tomorrow. / They put the meeting off until tomorrow.
- Onu (ışığı) kapatmayı unutma.Don't forget to turn it off.
- Hastalığı atlatması iki hafta aldı.It took him two weeks to get over the illness.
- Bu formu doldurabilir misin?Can you fill in this form? / Can you fill this form in?
- İş arkadaşlarımla iyi geçinirim.I get on well with my colleagues.
- off / the / turn / TV / pleasePlease turn off the TV. / Please turn the TV off.
- it / can't / with / I / put / upI can't put up with it.
- after / who / the / looks / dog / ?Who looks after the dog?
- up / she / picked / me / the / at / stationShe picked me up at the station. (Zamir 'me' araya girer; 'picked up me' yanlıştır.)
- Could you turn ___ the music? It's too loud.off (Could you turn off the music?)
- I'm looking ___ my glasses. Have you seen them?for (I'm looking for my glasses.)
- We need to find ___ what time the train leaves.out (We need to find out what time the train leaves.)
- She can't put up ___ his constant complaining.with (She can't put up with his constant complaining.)
- Please look ___ the children while I'm gone.after (Please look after the children while I'm gone.)
- Don't give ___ — you can do this!up (Don't give up — you can do this!)
- Please turn off it before you go.Please turn it off before you go. (The pronoun must go in the middle.)
- I look my sister after every weekend.I look after my sister every weekend. (look after is inseparable.)
- He gave up to drink coffee.He gave up drinking coffee. (give up + V-ing.)
- We waited the bus for twenty minutes.We waited for the bus for twenty minutes. ('for' cannot be dropped.)
- I'm looking forward to see you.I'm looking forward to seeing you. ('to' + V-ing.)
- Toplantıyı yarına ertelediler.They put off the meeting until tomorrow. / They put the meeting off until tomorrow.
- Onu (ışığı) kapatmayı unutma.Don't forget to turn it off.
- Hastalığı atlatması iki hafta aldı.It took him two weeks to get over the illness.
- Bu formu doldurabilir misin?Can you fill in this form? / Can you fill this form in?
- İş arkadaşlarımla iyi geçinirim.I get on well with my colleagues.
- off / the / turn / TV / pleasePlease turn off the TV. / Please turn the TV off.
- it / can't / with / I / put / upI can't put up with it.
- after / who / the / looks / dog / ?Who looks after the dog?
- up / she / picked / me / the / at / stationShe picked me up at the station. (The pronoun 'me' goes in the middle; 'picked up me' is wrong.)
Görev: 'Zor bir günü nasıl atlattım' (How I got through a difficult day) başlıklı, en az 8 farklı phrasal verb içeren kısa bir paragraf (120-150 kelime) yaz. Amaç, öbekleri gerçek bir bağlamda, doğru dilbilgisiyle (ayrılabilir/ayrılamaz, zamir yeri) kullanabildiğini göstermek.
- Rehber sorular: Gün nasıl başladı? Ne ters gitti (break down, run out of, mess up)?
- Bir sorunu nasıl çözdün (work out, sort out, come up with)?
- Kimden yardım aldın veya kimi aradın (call up, turn to, fill in)?
- Gün nasıl bitti (turn out, end up, cheer up, look forward to)?
- En az 2 ayrılabilir öbekte bir zamir kullan (turn it off, sort it out) ve doğru sırala.
Task: Write a short paragraph (120-150 words) titled 'How I got through a difficult day', containing at least 8 different phrasal verbs. The aim is to show that you can use the phrases in a real context, with correct grammar (separable/inseparable, pronoun position).
- Guiding questions: How did the day start? What went wrong (break down, run out of, mess up)?
- How did you solve a problem (work out, sort out, come up with)?
- Whom did you get help from or call (call up, turn to, fill in)?
- How did the day end (turn out, end up, cheer up, look forward to)?
- Use a pronoun in at least 2 separable phrases (turn it off, sort it out) and order them correctly.
Sıralama önerisi: (1) Önce sık, gerçek anlamlı geçişsiz öbekler (sit down, stand up). (2) Sonra ayrılabilir geçişli + zamir kuralı (turn it off) — bu en yüksek getirili dilbilgisi noktasıdır. (3) Ardından ayrılamaz öbekler (look after). (4) En son üç öğeli ve çok anlamlı öbekler (put up with, take off). Her aşamada özgün cümle ürettirin.
Kavram kontrolü: 'Turn off it' neden yanlış? sorusunu sınıfa sorun; öğrenci kuralı kendi ağzından ifade edince kalıcılık artar. Etkinlik: 'Phrasal verb bingosu' (kartlarda anlam, öğretmen öbeği söyler) veya 'senaryo canlandırma' (bir güne dair her cümlede bir phrasal verb zorunlu). Yaygın Türk-öğrenci hatası olarak particle düşürme (look sister, wait bus) ve zamir yeri (turn off it) üzerinde ısrarla durun.
Suggested sequence: (1) First the frequent, literal intransitive phrases (sit down, stand up). (2) Then separable transitive + the pronoun rule (turn it off) — this is the highest-yield grammar point. (3) Next the inseparable phrases (look after). (4) Last, three-part and polysemous phrases (put up with, take off). At each stage have students produce original sentences.
Concept checking: ask the class why 'Turn off it' is wrong; retention increases when the student states the rule in their own words. Activity: 'Phrasal verb bingo' (meanings on cards, the teacher says the phrase) or 'scenario role-play' (a phrasal verb required in every sentence about one day). Insist on the common Turkish-learner errors of dropping the particle (look sister, wait bus) and pronoun position (turn off it).
- Phrasal verb = fiil + particle; anlam çoğu zaman parçalardan çıkmaz — öbeği tek kelime gibi öğren.
- İki temel dilbilgisi ayrımı: geçişli/geçişsiz (nesne var mı?) ve ayrılabilir/ayrılamaz (nesne araya girer mi?).
- Altın kural: zamir nesne ayrılabilir öbekte HER ZAMAN araya girer — turn it off ✓, turn off it ✗.
- Ayrılamaz öbeklerde ve üç öğeli fiillerde nesne particle'dan sonra gelir: look after her, put up with it.
- Particle'lar anlam yönü taşır: up (tamamlanma), out (ortaya çıkma), on (devam), off (ayrılma), down (azalma/kayıt).
- Aynı öbek bağlama göre farklı anlam alır (take off = kalkmak/çıkarmak/patlama yapmak); anlamı özne ve nesne belirler.
- Konuşmada phrasal verb doğal, resmî yazıda tek fiilli karşılık (put off → postpone) tercih edilir.
- Türk öğrencinin baş tuzakları: particle düşürme (wait for), yanlış zamir yeri, give up + to (doğrusu + V-ing).
- Bu konu Deyimler ve Eş Dizimler (Collocations) ile akrabadır; kelime dağarcığını Kelime Türetme ile birlikte güçlendirir.
- En etkili öğrenme: her öbeği örnek cümlesiyle ve tipik nesnesiyle birlikte belleğe kaydetmek.
- Phrasal verb = verb + particle; the meaning often does not come from the parts — learn the phrase like a single word.
- Two basic grammar distinctions: transitive/intransitive (is there an object?) and separable/inseparable (does the object go in the middle?).
- The golden rule: a pronoun object ALWAYS goes in the middle in a separable phrase — turn it off ✓, turn off it ✗.
- In inseparable phrases and three-part verbs the object comes after the particle: look after her, put up with it.
- Particles carry a direction of meaning: up (completion), out (emerging), on (continuing), off (separating), down (decreasing/recording).
- The same phrase takes different meanings depending on context (take off = to depart/to remove/to take off); the subject and object determine the meaning.
- In speech a phrasal verb is natural, in formal writing a single-verb equivalent (put off → postpone) is preferred.
- The Turkish learner's main traps: dropping the particle (wait for), the wrong pronoun position, give up + to (correct: + V-ing).
- This topic is a relative of Idioms and Collocations; together with Word Formation it strengthens your vocabulary.
- The most effective learning: store each phrase together with its example sentence and its typical object.