Dilde iki türlü cümle kurabiliriz. Birincisinde eylemi kimin yaptığına odaklanırız: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (Hamlet'i Shakespeare yazdı.) Buna etken çatı (active voice) denir. İkincisinde ise eylemin kime/neye olduğuna odaklanırız: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (Hamlet, Shakespeare tarafından yazıldı.) İşte bu ikincisi edilgen çatıdır (passive voice).
Edilgen çatı yeni bir bilgi eklemez; aynı olayı farklı bir bakış açısıyla anlatır. Sahnenin ışığını 'yapan'dan alıp 'etkilenen'in üstüne çevirir. Somebody stole my bike. cümlesinde hırsız önemliyken, My bike was stolen. cümlesinde bisikletim önemlidir — hırsızı zaten tanımıyorum.
Neden var? Ne işe yarar?
- Yapan bilinmiyor: My car was stolen last night. (Kimin çaldığını bilmiyorum.)
- Yapan önemsiz: The road is being repaired. (Hangi işçilerin yaptığı önemli değil.)
- Yapan apaçık: He was arrested. (Elbette polis tarafından — söylemeye gerek yok.)
- Nesnellik / resmiyet: The samples were heated to 100°C. (Bilimsel yazıda 'ben ısıttım' demek yerine.)
- Sorumluyu gizleme: Mistakes were made. ('Hata yaptık' demeden — siyasetçilerin klasik kaçamağı!)
Türkçede benzeri var mı?
Kesinlikle var ve çok yakın. Türkçede fiile -il / -in / -ıl / -ün gibi edilgenlik ekleri ekleriz: yaz-ıl-dı, aç-ıl-dı, kır-ıl-dı, gör-ül-dü. "Kapı açıldı", "Ev satıldı", "Cam kırıldı" cümleleri tam anlamıyla edilgendir. İngilizcedeki fark şu: Türkçe eki fiilin içine gömerken, İngilizce iki parça kullanır — be fiili + V3. Yani Türkçenin tek eki, İngilizcede iki kelimeye yayılır.
Türk öğrenci için neden zor?
- be fiilinin çekimi: Türkçede tek ek yeterken, İngilizcede zamana göre is / was / has been / will be / is being arasından doğrusunu seçmek gerekir. En sık hata buradadır.
- V3 (üçüncü hâl): Fiilin düzgün geçmiş ortaç biçimini bilmek şart: write→written, break→broken, build→built. Düzensiz fiiller ezber ister.
- be'yi unutmak: Türk öğrenci sık sık be'yi atlar: yanlış The house built in 1990, doğru The house was built in 1990.
- by kime ait?: Türkçede 'tarafından' kalıbını her yere sıkıştırma eğilimi olur; oysa İngilizcede çoğu edilgen cümlede by hiç kullanılmaz.
We can build two kinds of sentences in a language. In the first, we focus on who does the action: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. This is called the active voice. In the second, we focus on whom/what the action happens to: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. This second one is the passive voice.
The passive voice adds no new information; it tells the same event from a different point of view. It takes the stage light off the 'doer' and turns it onto the one 'affected'. Somebody stole my bike. puts the focus on the thief, whereas My bike was stolen. puts the focus on my bike — I don't know the thief anyway.
Why does it exist? What is it for?
- The doer is unknown: My car was stolen last night. (I don't know who stole it.)
- The doer is unimportant: The road is being repaired. (Which workers do it doesn't matter.)
- The doer is obvious: He was arrested. (By the police, of course — no need to say it.)
- Objectivity / formality: The samples were heated to 100°C. (In scientific writing, instead of 'I heated it'.)
- Hiding the responsible party: Mistakes were made. (Without saying 'we made a mistake' — the classic politician's dodge!)
Is there an equivalent in Turkish?
Definitely, and a very close one. In Turkish we add passive suffixes like -il / -in / -ıl / -ün to the verb: yaz-ıl-dı, aç-ıl-dı, kır-ıl-dı, gör-ül-dü. Sentences like "Kapı açıldı", "Ev satıldı", "Cam kırıldı" are fully passive. The difference in English is this: while Turkish embeds the suffix inside the verb, English uses two parts — the verb be + V3. So Turkish's single suffix is spread across two words in English.
Why is it hard for Turkish learners?
- Conjugating the verb be: While one suffix is enough in Turkish, in English you must choose the right form according to the tense from among is / was / has been / will be / is being. This is where the most frequent mistake happens.
- V3 (third form): You must know the correct past participle form of the verb: write→written, break→broken, build→built. Irregular verbs must be memorised.
- Forgetting be: Turkish learners often drop be: wrong The house built in 1990, correct The house was built in 1990.
- Overusing by: There is a tendency to cram the Turkish 'tarafından' everywhere; yet in English, in most passive sentences by is not used at all.
- Edilgen çatının değişmez formülü: be + V3 (past participle).
- Etken cümlenin nesnesi, edilgen cümlenin öznesi olur: They built it → It was built.
- Cümlenin zamanını yalnızca be fiili taşır; V3 asla değişmez.
- Geniş zaman: am/is/are + V3 — It is made here.
- Geçmiş zaman: was/were + V3 — It was made here.
- Present perfect: has/have been + V3 — It has been made.
- Gelecek: will be + V3 — It will be made.
- Şu an sürüyorsa (continuous): is/are being + V3 — It is being made.
- Modallarla: modal + be + V3 — It must be made.
- Eylemi yapan (agent) gerekliyse en sona by + kişi eklenir; ama çoğu zaman gizlenir.
- Yalnızca nesnesi olan (transitive) fiiller edilgen olur; go, come, arrive, happen, die gibi fiiller edilgen olmaz.
- The unchanging formula of the passive: be + V3 (past participle).
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence: They built it → It was built.
- Only the verb be carries the tense of the sentence; V3 never changes.
- Present simple: am/is/are + V3 — It is made here.
- Past simple: was/were + V3 — It was made here.
- Present perfect: has/have been + V3 — It has been made.
- Future: will be + V3 — It will be made.
- If it's happening now (continuous): is/are being + V3 — It is being made.
- With modals: modal + be + V3 — It must be made.
- If the doer (agent) is needed, by + person is added at the end; but it is usually hidden.
- Only transitive (object-taking) verbs can be passive; verbs like go, come, arrive, happen, die cannot be passive.
Edilgen cümleyi kurmanın en güvenli yolu, önce etken cümleyi düşünüp üç adımda çevirmektir. Bir kez alışınca otomatikleşir.
- 1. Adım: Etken cümlenin nesnesini al, edilgenin öznesi yap. (They built the house → The house...)
- 2. Adım: Etken fiilin zamanına bak; be fiilini o zamana çek. (built = geçmiş → was)
- 3. Adım: Ana fiili V3 yap ve be'nin arkasına koy. (build → built [V3])
- Sonuç: The house was built. İstersen sona by them ekle — ama gerekmiyorsa ekleme.
Olumlu (Affirmative)
Formül: özne + be (çekimli) + V3 (+ by ...)
Olumsuz (Negative)
Olumsuzluk daima be fiilinin üstüne biner; yardımcı fiil zaten be'dir, ayrıca don't/doesn't KULLANILMAZ. Formül: be + not + V3.
Soru (Question)
Soruda be fiili başa gelir (evet/hayır sorusu). Wh- sorusunda soru kelimesi be'den önce durur. Formül: be + özne + V3 ...?
| Soru | Olumlu kısa cevap | Olumsuz kısa cevap |
|---|---|---|
| Is it made here? | Yes, it is. | No, it isn't. |
| Was it sent? | Yes, it was. | No, it wasn't. |
| Has it been done? | Yes, it has. | No, it hasn't. |
| Will it be finished? | Yes, it will. | No, it won't. |
The safest way to build a passive sentence is to think of the active sentence first and convert it in three steps. Once you get used to it, it becomes automatic.
- Step 1: Take the object of the active sentence and make it the subject of the passive. (They built the house → The house...)
- Step 2: Look at the tense of the active verb; conjugate be for that tense. (built = past → was)
- Step 3: Make the main verb V3 and put it after be. (build → built [V3])
- Result: The house was built. If you like, add by them at the end — but don't if it isn't needed.
Affirmative
Formula: subject + be (conjugated) + V3 (+ by ...)
Negative
The negation always rides on the verb be; the auxiliary is already be, and don't/doesn't is NOT used. Formula: be + not + V3.
Question
In a question the verb be comes first (yes/no question). In a Wh- question the question word stands before be. Formula: be + subject + V3 ...?
| Question | Affirmative short answer | Negative short answer |
|---|---|---|
| Is it made here? | Yes, it is. | No, it isn't. |
| Was it sent? | Yes, it was. | No, it wasn't. |
| Has it been done? | Yes, it has. | No, it hasn't. |
| Will it be finished? | Yes, it will. | No, it won't. |
Edilgen çatı belirli durumlarda etkenden daha doğal, hatta zorunludur. En yaygından en özele doğru sıralayalım.
Edilgeni seçerken tek soru yeterli: "Eylemi yapan önemli mi, yoksa asıl olan olayın kendisi mi?" Yapan önemsizse ya da bilinmiyorsa, edilgen neredeyse her zaman daha doğaldır.
1) Eylemi yapan bilinmediğinde (en yaygın)
2) Yapan önemsiz olduğunda
3) Süreç, tarif ve talimatlarda
4) Haber dilinde ve resmi duyurularda
5) Yapan gerçekten önemliyse (by ile)
Bazen edilgen kullanırız ama yapan da bir bilgi taşır; o zaman by ile belirtiriz. Genellikle ünlü/özel bir fail söz konusudur.
In certain situations the passive is more natural than the active, even obligatory. Let's list them from the most common to the most specific.
When choosing the passive, one question is enough: "Does the doer matter, or is the event itself what counts?" If the doer is unimportant or unknown, the passive is almost always more natural.
1) When the doer is unknown (most common)
2) When the doer is unimportant
3) In processes, recipes and instructions
4) In news language and official announcements
5) When the doer really matters (with by)
Sometimes we use the passive but the doer also carries information; then we state it with by. This usually involves a famous or special agent.
Edilgende zaman seçimi etkendekiyle aynıdır; sadece be fiili o zamana çekilir. Aşağıdaki tablo her zamanın edilgen biçimini ve onu tetikleyen ipucu kelimelerini gösterir. Uyarı: İpucu kelimeleri yol gösterir ama garanti değildir — bağlam her zaman önce gelir.
| Zaman | Edilgen formül | Örnek | Sık ipucu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am/is/are + V3 | It is made. | every day, usually, generally |
| Past Simple | was/were + V3 | It was made. | yesterday, in 1990, last week, ago |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are being + V3 | It is being made. | now, at the moment, currently |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + V3 | It was being made. | while, when, at that time |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + V3 | It has been made. | already, just, yet, recently, so far |
| Past Perfect | had been + V3 | It had been made. | by the time, before, after, already (geçmişte) |
| Future (will) | will be + V3 | It will be made. | tomorrow, soon, next week |
| Future (going to) | am/is/are going to be + V3 | It is going to be made. | plan, karar |
| Modallar | modal + be + V3 | It must be made. | must, can, should, may, have to |
Choosing the tense in the passive is the same as in the active; only the verb be is conjugated for that tense. The table below shows the passive form of each tense and the signal words that trigger it. Warning: signal words guide you but are not a guarantee — context always comes first.
| Tense | Passive formula | Example | Common signals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am/is/are + V3 | It is made. | every day, usually, generally |
| Past Simple | was/were + V3 | It was made. | yesterday, in 1990, last week, ago |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are being + V3 | It is being made. | now, at the moment, currently |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + V3 | It was being made. | while, when, at that time |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + V3 | It has been made. | already, just, yet, recently, so far |
| Past Perfect | had been + V3 | It had been made. | by the time, before, after, already (in the past) |
| Future (will) | will be + V3 | It will be made. | tomorrow, soon, next week |
| Future (going to) | am/is/are going to be + V3 | It is going to be made. | plan, decision |
| Modals | modal + be + V3 | It must be made. | must, can, should, may, have to |
Edilgen sadece bir dilbilgisi kuralı değil, bir üslup tercihidir. Aynı olayı etken ya da edilgen anlatmak, okurun dikkatini nereye çektiğini, ne kadar sorumluluk yüklediğini ve ne kadar resmi göründüğünü değiştirir.
Bakış açısı ve odak
Cümlenin başına koyduğumuz şey, 'konu' olur ve vurgu alır. A dog bit the child. köpeğe odaklanır; The child was bitten by a dog. çocuğa odaklanır. Bir haber çocukla ilgiliyse, edilgen daha doğaldır.
Sorumluluğu gizleme veya yumuşatma (nezaket)
Edilgen, kimi suçlamadan bir sorunu dile getirmenin kibar yoludur. İş yerinde ve resmi yazışmada çok işe yarar.
Nesnellik ve mesafe
Bilimsel ve akademik yazıda 'ben/biz' özneleri kişiselliği artırır. Edilgen, deneyi öne çıkarıp yazarı geri çeker; bu da nesnel bir ton yaratır.
The passive is not just a grammar rule but a stylistic choice. Telling the same event actively or passively changes where you draw the reader's attention, how much responsibility you assign, and how formal it sounds.
Perspective and focus
Whatever we put at the start of the sentence becomes the 'topic' and takes the emphasis. A dog bit the child. focuses on the dog; The child was bitten by a dog. focuses on the child. If a news story is about the child, the passive is more natural.
Hiding or softening responsibility (politeness)
The passive is a polite way to raise a problem without blaming anyone. It is very useful at work and in formal correspondence.
Objectivity and distance
In scientific and academic writing, 'I/we' subjects increase personal presence. The passive foregrounds the experiment and pushes the writer back, creating an objective tone.
Türkçe ile İngilizce edilgeni kavramsal olarak çok benzer — ikisi de 'yapan'ı arka plana atar. Fark, mekanikte: Türkçe tek ekle (-il/-in), İngilizce iki parçayla (be + V3) çözer. Türk öğrencinin en büyük tuzağı, Türkçeyi kelime kelime çevirmeye çalışmaktır.
Türkçe
Edilgen tek ekle kurulur (-il / -in): "yazıldı, yapıldı". Zaman ve kişi bilgisi aynı ekin içindedir.İngilizce
İki parça gerekir: be + fiilin 3. hâli (V3). Zamanı "be" taşır (is written, was written); ana fiil sabit kalır.- Türkçe: fiil kökü + edilgenlik eki (aç-ıl-dı). İngilizce: be + V3 (was opened).
- Türkçede zaman eki fiile gömülüdür; İngilizcede zamanı be taşır. 'be'yi unutma!
- Türkçede 'tarafından' seyrek kullanılır; İngilizcede de by çoğu cümlede yoktur — bu iyi haber, ikisinde de gizlemek doğaldır.
- Türkçe 'gerekir/edilir' gibi genel yapılar İngilizcede modal edilgene (must be done) veya geniş zaman edilgene (is done) karşılık gelir.
The Turkish and English passives are conceptually very similar — both push the 'doer' into the background. The difference is in the mechanics: Turkish does it with a single suffix (-il/-in), English with two parts (be + V3). The biggest trap for Turkish learners is trying to translate Turkish word for word.
Turkish
The passive is built with a single suffix (-il / -in): "yazıldı, yapıldı". Tense and person information sit inside the same suffix.English
Two parts are needed: be + the 3rd form of the verb (V3). "be" carries the tense (is written, was written); the main verb stays fixed.- Turkish: verb root + passive suffix (aç-ıl-dı). English: be + V3 (was opened).
- In Turkish the tense suffix is embedded in the verb; in English be carries the tense. Don't forget 'be'!
- 'tarafından' is rarely used in Turkish; likewise in English by is absent in most sentences — good news: in both languages hiding it is natural.
- General Turkish structures like 'gerekir/edilir' correspond in English to the modal passive (must be done) or the present simple passive (is done).
Edilgen birkaç yapıyla karıştırılır. Aşağıdaki tablo farkları netleştirir.
| Yapı | Örnek | Fark |
|---|---|---|
| Passive (be + V3) | The door was closed by John. | Edilgen eylem: John kapadı. |
| Sıfat olarak V3 (durum) | The door was closed all day. | Durum bildirir: kapı kapalıydı (kim kapadı önemsiz). |
| Present Perfect (etken) | John has closed the door. | Bkz. Yakın Geçmiş: etken, John özne. |
| Present Perfect Passive | The door has been closed. | Edilgen + perfect: kapı kapatılmış. |
| Reported (dolaylı) yapı | It is said that he is rich. | Bkz. Dolaylı Anlatım: edilgen raporlama kalıbı. |
| get + V3 (get-passive) | The door got broken. | Konuşma dili edilgeni; ani/olumsuz olay. |
The passive is confused with a few structures. The table below clarifies the differences.
| Structure | Example | Difference |
|---|---|---|
| Passive (be + V3) | The door was closed by John. | Passive action: John closed it. |
| V3 as an adjective (state) | The door was closed all day. | Describes a state: the door was closed (who closed it doesn't matter). |
| Present Perfect (active) | John has closed the door. | See Present Perfect: active, John is the subject. |
| Present Perfect Passive | The door has been closed. | Passive + perfect: the door has been closed. |
| Reported structure | It is said that he is rich. | See Reported Speech: a passive reporting pattern. |
| get + V3 (get-passive) | The door got broken. | A spoken-English passive; sudden/negative event. |
Aşağıdaki sekiz hata, Türk öğrencilerin edilgende en çok tökezlediği noktalardır. Her birini neden yanlış olduğuyla birlikte okuyun.
Bu hataların çoğu tek kökten gelir: be fiilini unutmak ya da ana fiili 3. hâle (V3) çevirmemek. Edilgenin formülü sabittir: be + V3; zamanı ve kişiyi taşıyan hep "be" fiilidir, ana fiil değişmez.
The eight mistakes below are where Turkish learners stumble most in the passive. Read each one together with why it is wrong.
Most of these mistakes come from a single root: be forgetting the verb, or not putting the main verb into the 3rd form (V3). The passive formula is fixed: be + V3; it is always the verb "be" that carries tense and person, the main verb does not change.
Edilgenin birkaç özel durumu vardır; bunları bilmek seviyenizi belli eder.
1) Çift nesneli fiiller (give, send, offer, tell...)
İki nesnesi olan fiiller iki edilgen üretebilir; İngilizce genelde kişiyi özne yapmayı tercih eder.
2) 'It is said that...' kalıpları (kişisel olmayan edilgen)
say, believe, think, know gibi 'söyleme/düşünme' fiilleri iki edilgen kalıp üretir. İleri düzeyde çok işe yarar. Ayrıntı için bkz. Dolaylı Anlatım.
3) have/get something done (ettirgen edilgen)
Bir işi başkasına yaptırdığımızda bu kalıbı kullanırız: have/get + nesne + V3. 'Kendim yapmadım, yaptırdım' anlamı taşır.
4) Edilgen yapılamayan fiiller
Geçişsiz fiiller (arrive, go, come, die, happen, exist) ve bazı durum fiilleri (have=sahip olmak, resemble, suit, fit, lack) edilgen olamaz.
The passive has a few special cases; knowing them marks your level.
1) Ditransitive verbs (give, send, offer, tell...)
Verbs with two objects can produce two passives; English generally prefers to make the person the subject.
2) 'It is said that...' patterns (impersonal passive)
'Reporting/thinking' verbs like say, believe, think, know produce two passive patterns. Very useful at an advanced level. For details, see Reported Speech.
3) have/get something done (causative passive)
When we have someone else do a job, we use this pattern: have/get + object + V3. It means 'I didn't do it myself, I had it done'.
4) Verbs that cannot be made passive
Intransitive verbs (arrive, go, come, die, happen, exist) and some state verbs (have = to possess, resemble, suit, fit, lack) cannot be passive.
Edilgen sadece ders kitabı yapısı değildir; günlük İngilizcede sürekli duyulur — özellikle get-passive.
The passive isn't just a textbook structure; it's heard constantly in everyday English — especially the get-passive.
Akademik yazının belkemiği edilgendir. Neden? Çünkü bilim süreci ve sonucu öne çıkarır, araştırmacının kişiliğini değil. 'I heated the sample' yerine 'The sample was heated' demek, metni nesnel ve tekrar-üretilebilir gösterir. IELTS/TOEFL yazma bölümlerinde, özellikle süreç (process) sorularında edilgen neredeyse zorunludur.
- was investigated, were filled, was heated, was added — geçmiş edilgen zinciri; deneyi kişiden bağımsız anlatır.
- could be dissolved, could be calculated — modal edilgen: olabilirlik.
- It was found that... — kişisel olmayan raporlama; bulguyu öne çıkarır.
- are supported, are consistent — geniş zaman edilgen: genel geçerli iddia.
- It should be noted — akademik nezaket kalıbı; uyarıyı yumuşatır.
- might be observed — modal edilgen: temkinli tahmin (hedging), akademik yazının imzası.
The passive is the backbone of academic writing. Why? Because science foregrounds the process and result, not the researcher's personality. Saying 'The sample was heated' instead of 'I heated the sample' makes the text look objective and reproducible. In the IELTS/TOEFL writing sections, especially in process questions, the passive is almost obligatory.
- was investigated, were filled, was heated, was added — a chain of past passives; describes the experiment independently of any person.
- could be dissolved, could be calculated — modal passive: possibility.
- It was found that... — impersonal reporting; foregrounds the finding.
- are supported, are consistent — present simple passive: a generally valid claim.
- It should be noted — an academic politeness pattern; softens the caveat.
- might be observed — modal passive: cautious prediction (hedging), the signature of academic writing.
- has been restored — present perfect edilgen: geçmişte oldu, sonucu şimdi ortada.
- was left, was formed, was drawn up, was raised — geçmiş edilgen zinciri; yapan önemsiz olduğu için gizlenmiş.
- had been collected — past perfect edilgen: başka bir geçmiş olaydan önce tamamlanmış.
- was managed entirely by residents — burada 'by' bilinçli kaldı: yapan (residents) bir bilgi/övgü taşıyor.
- can never be knocked down — modal edilgen: olasılık/izinsizlik.
- are welcomed, are offered — geniş zaman edilgen: tekrarlanan, genel geçer durum.
- is now loved by the whole community — kapanış; 'by' duygu yükünü öne çıkarmak için tutulmuş.
- has been restored — present perfect passive: it happened in the past, its result is visible now.
- was left, was formed, was drawn up, was raised — a chain of past passives; the doer is hidden because it is unimportant.
- had been collected — past perfect passive: completed before another past event.
- was managed entirely by residents — here 'by' is kept deliberately: the doer (residents) carries information/praise.
- can never be knocked down — modal passive: possibility/prohibition.
- are welcomed, are offered — present simple passive: a repeated, general situation.
- is now loved by the whole community — the closing; 'by' is kept to foreground the emotional weight.
Temel (A2)
Orta (B1)
İleri (B2)
Uzman (C1)
Basic (A2)
Intermediate (B1)
Advanced (B2)
Expert (C1)
Bu sorular kuralı değil, anlamı test eder. Cümlelerin ne söylediğini kavradığından emin ol.
- "My phone was stolen." — Telefonu kimin çaldığını biliyor muyuz?Hayır. Edilgen tam da bunun için kullanıldı: yapan (hırsız) bilinmiyor ya da önemli değil, o yüzden söylenmedi.
- "The cake was made by my grandmother." — Burada 'by' neden var?Çünkü yapan (büyükanne) bir bilgi taşıyor ve önemli. Yapan özel/önemliyse by kalır.
- "The road is being repaired." vs "The road is repaired." — Hangisi 'şu an sürüyor' demek?"is being repaired" şu an devam eden eylemi anlatır. "is repaired" ise genel/durum bildirir. 'being' = sürüyor işareti.
- "I had my car washed." — Arabayı ben mi yıkadım?Hayır. 'have something done' başkasına yaptırmak demek. Arabayı (muhtemelen) bir yıkamacı yıkadı.
- "It happened yesterday" neden edilgen yapılamaz?'happen' geçişsiz bir fiildir (nesnesi yok). Edilgen sadece nesne alan (geçişli) fiillerle kurulur.
- "A mistake was made." Bu cümleyi konuşan neden edilgen seçti?Muhtemelen kimin hata yaptığını söylemek istemedi; edilgen sorumluyu gizlemenin/yumuşatmanın kibar yoludur.
These questions test not the rule but the meaning. Make sure you grasp what the sentences are saying.
- "My phone was stolen." — Do we know who stole the phone?No. The passive was used precisely for this: the doer (the thief) is unknown or unimportant, so it wasn't stated.
- "The cake was made by my grandmother." — Why is 'by' here?Because the doer (the grandmother) carries information and matters. If the doer is special/important, by stays.
- "The road is being repaired." vs "The road is repaired." — Which one means 'happening now'?"is being repaired" describes an action in progress now. "is repaired" describes a general fact/state. 'being' = the 'in progress' marker.
- "I had my car washed." — Did I wash the car myself?No. 'have something done' means having someone else do it. The car was (probably) washed by a car wash.
- Why can't "It happened yesterday" be made passive?'happen' is an intransitive verb (no object). The passive is only formed with object-taking (transitive) verbs.
- "A mistake was made." Why did the speaker choose the passive?Probably they didn't want to say who made the mistake; the passive is a polite way to hide/soften responsibility.
- English ______ (speak) in many countries.is spoken
- The bridge ______ (build) in 1955.was built
- The report ______ (not finish) yet.has not been finished / hasn't been finished
- Look! The house ______ (paint) right now.is being painted
- The winners ______ (announce) tomorrow.will be announced
- This door ______ (must / keep) closed.must be kept
- The window broke by a boy.The window was broken by a boy. (be fiili 'was' eksikti)
- The letter was wrote yesterday.The letter was written yesterday. (V2 değil V3: written)
- Did the car repaired?Was the car repaired? (edilgen soruda 'did' değil 'was')
- The road is repairing now.The road is being repaired now. ('being' eksikti)
- It was happened last night.It happened last night. ('happen' geçişsiz, edilgen olmaz)
- Somebody cleans the office every day.The office is cleaned every day.
- They will hold the meeting on Monday.The meeting will be held on Monday.
- Picasso painted this picture.This picture was painted by Picasso. (by kalır: fail önemli)
- They have cancelled the flight.The flight has been cancelled.
- You must submit the form today.The form must be submitted today.
- Kapı her akşam kilitlenir.The door is locked every evening.
- Cüzdanım dün çalındı.My wallet was stolen yesterday.
- Rapor henüz gönderilmedi.The report hasn't been sent yet.
- Saçımı kestirdim.I had my hair cut. (have something done)
- Bu evin sahte olduğu düşünülüyor.This house is thought to be fake. / It is thought that this house is fake.
- English ______ (speak) in many countries.is spoken
- The bridge ______ (build) in 1955.was built
- The report ______ (not finish) yet.has not been finished / hasn't been finished
- Look! The house ______ (paint) right now.is being painted
- The winners ______ (announce) tomorrow.will be announced
- This door ______ (must / keep) closed.must be kept
- The window broke by a boy.The window was broken by a boy. (the verb 'was' was missing)
- The letter was wrote yesterday.The letter was written yesterday. (V3 not V2: written)
- Did the car repaired?Was the car repaired? ('was' not 'did' in a passive question)
- The road is repairing now.The road is being repaired now. ('being' was missing)
- It was happened last night.It happened last night. ('happen' is intransitive, no passive)
- Somebody cleans the office every day.The office is cleaned every day.
- They will hold the meeting on Monday.The meeting will be held on Monday.
- Picasso painted this picture.This picture was painted by Picasso. (by stays: the agent matters)
- They have cancelled the flight.The flight has been cancelled.
- You must submit the form today.The form must be submitted today.
- Kapı her akşam kilitlenir.The door is locked every evening.
- Cüzdanım dün çalındı.My wallet was stolen yesterday.
- Rapor henüz gönderilmedi.The report hasn't been sent yet.
- Saçımı kestirdim.I had my hair cut. (have something done)
- Bu evin sahte olduğu düşünülüyor.This house is thought to be fake. / It is thought that this house is fake.
Görev: Yaşadığın şehirdeki bir binanın, köprünün ya da parkın nasıl yapıldığını/yenilendiğini anlatan 6-8 cümlelik kısa bir paragraf yaz. Amaç: edilgeni doğal bir bağlamda üretmek.
- Rehber sorular: Ne zaman inşa edildi? (was built) Kim tarafından? (by... — gerekliyse) Ne için kullanılıyor? (is used) Yakın zamanda yenilendi mi? (has been renovated) Şu an bir çalışma var mı? (is being...) Gelecekte ne olacak? (will be...)
- Kural: En az beş farklı zamanda edilgen kullan. 'by'ı sadece gerçekten gerekliyse ekle.
- Kontrol: Her edilgen cümlede 'be + V3' var mı? be'yi unuttun mu? V2 yerine V3 mü yazdın?
(Not: was built / was designed / was used / was damaged / was closed / are being replaced / is being resurfaced / will be finished / is reopened / is expected — on farklı edilgen, altısı farklı zamanda.)
Task: Write a short paragraph of 6-8 sentences describing how a building, bridge or park in your city was built/renovated. Aim: to produce the passive in a natural context.
- Guiding questions: When was it built? (was built) By whom? (by... — if needed) What is it used for? (is used) Has it been renovated recently? (has been renovated) Is any work going on now? (is being...) What will happen in the future? (will be...)
- Rule: Use the passive in at least five different tenses. Add 'by' only if it is really needed.
- Check: Does every passive sentence have 'be + V3'? Did you forget be? Did you write V3 instead of V2?
(Note: was built / was designed / was used / was damaged / was closed / are being replaced / is being resurfaced / will be finished / is reopened / is expected — ten different passives, six in different tenses.)
En kritik kavramsal engel, öğrencinin 'be'yi ya unutması ya da fazladan 'do/did' eklemesidir. Bunu erken teşhis et: öğrencilere bir etken cümle verip edilgene çevirmelerini iste ve gözünü 'be' fiiline dik. Ayrıca geçişsiz fiil tuzağını (happen, arrive, go edilgen olmaz) mutlaka örneklerle göster; Türkçe 'oldu/geldi' bizi yanıltır.
The most critical conceptual obstacle is the student either forgetting 'be' or adding an extra 'do/did'. Diagnose this early: give students an active sentence, ask them to convert it to passive, and keep your eye on the verb 'be'. Also be sure to show the intransitive-verb trap (happen, arrive, go cannot be passive) with examples; the Turkish 'oldu/geldi' misleads us.
- Edilgen çatı = eylemden etkileneni öne çıkarma; değişmez formül be + V3.
- Cümlenin zamanını yalnızca be taşır (is/was/has been/will be/is being); V3 hiç değişmez.
- Yalnızca geçişli (nesne alan) fiiller edilgen olur; happen, arrive, go, die edilgen olmaz.
- Yapanı belirtmek için by; ama çoğu cümlede (yapan bilinmez/önemsiz/apaçık) by kullanılmaz.
- Olumsuzda be + not + V3, soruda be + özne + V3; 'do/did' asla eklenmez.
- Continuous edilgende being, perfect edilgende been ekstra kelimedir — unutma.
- Modal edilgen: modal + be + V3 (must be done). 'be'yi düşürme.
- İleri kalıplar: It is said that... / He is said to... (raporlama) ve have/get something done (ettirgen).
- get-passive günlük konuşmada yaygındır; be-passive resmi/akademik yazının belkemiğidir.
- En sık tek hata: be fiilini yanlış yönetmek — unutmak, fazladan koymak ya da yanlış çekmek. İlgili konular: Dolaylı Anlatım, Yakın Geçmiş, Gerund & Mastar.
- The passive voice = foregrounding the one affected by the action; the unchanging formula be + V3.
- Only be carries the tense of the sentence (is/was/has been/will be/is being); V3 never changes.
- Only transitive (object-taking) verbs can be passive; happen, arrive, go, die cannot.
- Use by to state the doer; but in most sentences (doer unknown/unimportant/obvious) by is not used.
- In the negative be + not + V3, in the question be + subject + V3; 'do/did' is never added.
- In the continuous passive being, in the perfect passive been is the extra word — don't forget it.
- Modal passive: modal + be + V3 (must be done). Don't drop 'be'.
- Advanced patterns: It is said that... / He is said to... (reporting) and have/get something done (causative).
- The get-passive is common in everyday speech; the be-passive is the backbone of formal/academic writing.
- The single most common mistake: mishandling the verb be — forgetting it, adding it unnecessarily, or conjugating it wrongly. Related topics: Reported Speech, Present Perfect, Gerund & Infinitive.