Bu rehberdeki tüm İngilizce kelime ve collocation'lar gerçek IELTS bağlamından; Türkçe karşılıklar öğrenmeyi hızlandırmak için verildi, cevabında Türkçe kullanma.
All English words and collocations in this guide are provided from real IELTS contexts; they were given to accelerate learning the Turkish equivalents, do not use Turkish in your answer.
Kentleşme (urbanisation), IELTS Writing Task 2 ve Speaking'in en sık dönen temalarından biridir: şehirlere göç, konut, trafik ve yaşanabilirlik. Bu sayfa temaya özel Band 7-9 collocation'ları ve model cümleleri toplar. Genel yöntem için genel kelime stratejisi sayfasına, tam örnek cevaplar için model cevaplar sayfasına göz at.
Urbanisation is one of the most frequently recurring themes in IELTS Writing Task 2 and Speaking: migration to cities, housing, traffic, and livability. This page collects Band 7-9 collocations and model sentences specific to the theme. For general methods, check the general vocabulary strategy page, and for complete sample answers, look at the model answers page.
Kentleşme, IELTS Academic Writing Task 2'nin klasik problem & solution ve cause & effect temalarındandır. Tipik soru: "More and more people are moving to cities. What problems does this cause, and what solutions can you suggest?" Yani örnekte olduğu gibi genelde şehirlere göçün sorunları ve çözümleri istenir.
Sınav bu temayı birkaç açıdan çevirebilir; hepsinde aynı kelime havuzu işine yarar:
Speaking Part 1'de "Do you prefer living in a city or the countryside?", Part 3'te "How have cities in your country changed?" gibi sorular gelir. Aynı collocation'ları hem yazıda hem konuşmada kullanabilirsin.
Urbanisation is a classic problem & solution and cause & effect theme in IELTS Academic Writing Task 2. A typical question: "More and more people are moving to cities. What problems does this cause, and what solutions can you suggest?" So, as in the example, it generally asks for the problems and solutions of migration to cities.
The exam can approach this theme from several angles; in all cases, the same vocabulary pool will be useful:
In Speaking Part 1, questions like "Do you prefer living in a city or the countryside?" and in Part 3 "How have cities in your country changed?" may come up. You can use the same collocations in both writing and speaking.
Band 7+ için tek tek kelime değil, birlikte kullanılan öbekleri öğren. Aşağıdaki tablo temayı altı aileye ayırır. Her satırı bir bütün olarak ezberle; parçalayıp kendin birleştirmeye çalışma.
| Aile | Collocation (İngilizce) | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| Göç & büyüme | rapid urbanisation | hızlı kentleşme |
| rural-to-urban migration | kırdan kente göç | |
| a mass exodus from the countryside | kırsaldan kitlesel göç | |
| a growing urban population | artan kentsel nüfus | |
| Kalabalık & konut | overcrowded cities | aşırı kalabalık şehirler |
| a severe housing shortage | ciddi konut açığı | |
| affordable housing | uygun fiyatlı konut | |
| soaring property prices | fırlayan emlak fiyatları | |
| Trafik & ulaşım | traffic congestion | trafik sıkışıklığı |
| gridlocked roads | kilitlenmiş yollar | |
| an efficient public transport network | verimli toplu taşıma ağı | |
| to ease the strain on infrastructure | altyapı üzerindeki baskıyı hafifletmek | |
| Kentsel planlama | urban sprawl | çarpık/yayılan kentleşme |
| urban planning | kentsel planlama | |
| mixed-use developments | karma kullanımlı projeler | |
| high-rise apartment blocks | yüksek katlı apartman blokları | |
| Maliyet & sosyal | the high cost of living | yüksek yaşam maliyeti |
| a widening wealth gap | genişleyen gelir uçurumu | |
| a lack of social cohesion | sosyal uyum eksikliği | |
| rising crime rates | artan suç oranları | |
| Yeşil alan & yaşanabilirlik | green spaces | yeşil alanlar |
| a liveable city | yaşanabilir bir şehir | |
| to improve the quality of life | yaşam kalitesini artırmak | |
| sustainable development | sürdürülebilir kalkınma | |
| air and noise pollution | hava ve gürültü kirliliği |
For Band 7+, learn phrases that are used together rather than individual words. The table below divides the theme into six families. Memorise each row as a whole; do not try to break it down and combine it yourself.
| Family | Collocation (English) | Turkish |
|---|---|---|
| Migration & growth | rapid urbanisation | rapid urbanisation |
| rural-to-urban migration | rural-to-urban migration | |
| a mass exodus from the countryside | a mass exodus from the countryside | |
| a growing urban population | a growing urban population | |
| Crowding & housing | overcrowded cities | overcrowded cities |
| a severe housing shortage | a severe housing shortage | |
| affordable housing | affordable housing | |
| soaring property prices | soaring property prices | |
| Traffic & transportation | traffic congestion | traffic congestion |
| gridlocked roads | gridlocked roads | |
| an efficient public transport network | an efficient public transport network | |
| to ease the strain on infrastructure | to ease the strain on infrastructure | |
| Urban planning | urban sprawl | urban sprawl |
| urban planning | urban planning | |
| mixed-use developments | mixed-use developments | |
| high-rise apartment blocks | high-rise apartment blocks | |
| Cost & social | the high cost of living | the high cost of living |
| a widening wealth gap | a widening wealth gap | |
| a lack of social cohesion | a lack of social cohesion | |
| rising crime rates | rising crime rates | |
| Green space & livability | green spaces | green spaces |
| a liveable city | a liveable city | |
| to improve the quality of life | to improve the quality of life | |
| sustainable development | sustainable development | |
| air and noise pollution | air and noise pollution |
Aşağıdaki cümleler yukarıdaki collocation'ları neden-sonuç ve problem-çözüm iskeletine oturtur. Kalıbı ezberle, tema kelimelerini soruna göre değiştir.
The sentences below fit the above collocations into cause-and-effect and problem-solution frameworks. Memorise the structure and change the theme words according to the question.
Speaking'de yazı diline kaçma; doğal deyim ve phrasal verb'ler daha yüksek puan getirir. Kentleşme temasında işine yarayacak günlük ama Band 7+ ifadeler:
Örnek Part 1 yanıtı — "Do you prefer living in a city or the countryside?"
Bu yanıt neden dikkat çeker: görüş açıkça verildi, iki deyim doğal aktı, hem artıyı hem eksiyi (the downside is...) dengeledi ve tema collocation'ı (job opportunities) eklendi.
In Speaking, avoid slipping into written language; natural idioms and phrasal verbs yield higher scores. Daily but Band 7+ expressions that will help in the urbanisation theme include:
Example Part 1 answer — "Do you prefer living in a city or the countryside?"
This answer stands out because: the opinion is clearly stated, two idioms flow naturally, both the pros and cons are balanced (the downside is...), and a theme collocation (job opportunities) is included.
Aynı fikri üç seviyede yaz. Farkı gör: Band 5 doğru ama sıradan, Band 7 collocation'lı, Band 9 hem hassas hem akıcı.
"A lot of people go to big cities and this makes many problems like too much traffic and not enough houses."
Basit kelimeler, genel ifade, tekrar ("a lot of", "too much"), collocation yok.
"As more people migrate to major cities, problems such as traffic congestion and a housing shortage are becoming increasingly common."
Tema collocation'ları ("traffic congestion", "housing shortage") ve daha net bağlaç var.
"The relentless influx of people into metropolitan areas has given rise to a host of interrelated problems, most notably chronic traffic congestion and an acute shortage of affordable housing."
Hassas kelime seçimi ("relentless influx", "chronic", "acute"), neden-sonuç fiili ("given rise to") ve fikirlerin bağlanması ("interrelated").
| Zayıf (kaçın) | Güçlü (kullan) |
|---|---|
| a lot of people | a growing number of people / a steady influx |
| big cities | major cities / metropolitan areas / urban centres |
| too much traffic | severe traffic congestion / gridlocked roads |
| not enough houses | an acute housing shortage / a lack of affordable housing |
| makes problems | gives rise to / leads to a range of problems |
| the government should fix it | the authorities should implement measures to address... |
Write the same idea at three levels. See the difference: Band 5 is correct but ordinary, Band 7 is collocation-rich, and Band 9 is both precise and fluent.
"A lot of people go to big cities and this makes many problems like too much traffic and not enough houses."
Simple words, general expression, repetition ("a lot of", "too much"), no collocation.
"As more people migrate to major cities, problems such as traffic congestion and a housing shortage are becoming increasingly common."
Theme collocations ("traffic congestion", "housing shortage") and clearer conjunctions are present.
"The relentless influx of people into metropolitan areas has given rise to a host of interrelated problems, most notably chronic traffic congestion and an acute shortage of affordable housing."
Precise word choice ("relentless influx", "chronic", "acute"), cause-and-effect verb ("given rise to"), and connection of ideas ("interrelated").
| Weak (avoid) | Strong (use) |
|---|---|
| a lot of people | a growing number of people / a steady influx |
| big cities | major cities / metropolitan areas / urban centres |
| too much traffic | severe traffic congestion / gridlocked roads |
| not enough houses | an acute housing shortage / a lack of affordable housing |
| makes problems | gives rise to / leads to a range of problems |
| the government should fix it | the authorities should implement measures to address... |
Türk öğrencilerin kentleşme temasında en çok yaptığı hatalar aşağıda. Çoğu, Türkçeden birebir çeviriden kaynaklanır.
Yazını teslim etmeden önce şu kısa kontrolü yap:
Below are the most common mistakes made by Turkish students on the urbanisation theme. Most arise from direct translation from Turkish.
Before submitting your writing, do this quick check: