Bu sayfa Academic Word List (AWL) Sublist 9'daki 61 headword'ü IELTS bağlamında işler; tanımlar ve örnekler İngilizce, açıklamalar Türkçedir.
This page works through the 61 headwords of the Academic Word List (AWL) Sublist 9 in an IELTS context; the definitions and examples are in English, the explanations in Turkish.
AWL Sublist 9, akademik metinlerde orta-düşük frekansla ama düzenli biçimde karşınıza çıkan 61 kelime ailesini kapsar. Bu kelimeler IELTS Reading'de anahtar cümleleri, Writing ve Speaking'de ise ölçülü akademik tonu taşır. Listenin bütününü görmek için AWL genel bakış sayfasına, kelimeleri gerçek yanıtlarda görmek için model cevaplar sayfamıza göz atın.
AWL Sublist 9 covers 61 word families that appear at medium-to-low frequency in academic texts but do so regularly. These words carry the key sentences in IELTS Reading and a measured, academic tone in Writing and Speaking. To see the whole list, visit the AWL overview page, and to see the words in real answers, visit our model answers page.
Kısa yol: Sublist 9'un çekirdek fiilleri accommodate, anticipate, attain, cease, commence, confine, devote, diminish, distort, erode, refine, restrain, suspend, trigger, unify, violate; çekirdek sıfatları coherent, compatible, concurrent, conventional, inherent, integral, mutual, passive, preliminary, qualitative, rigid, subordinate, temporary; çekirdek isimleri analogy, controversy, device, duration, ethic, format, insight, norm, portion, protocol, revolution, scenario, sphere, vision. Her kelimeyi bir eşanlamlısıyla değil, collocation'ıyla ezberleyin: trigger a response, attain a goal, inherent risk, mutual benefit.
Shortcut: Sublist 9's core verbs are accommodate, anticipate, attain, cease, commence, confine, devote, diminish, distort, erode, refine, restrain, suspend, trigger, unify, violate; its core adjectives are coherent, compatible, concurrent, conventional, inherent, integral, mutual, passive, preliminary, qualitative, rigid, subordinate, temporary; its core nouns are analogy, controversy, device, duration, ethic, format, insight, norm, portion, protocol, revolution, scenario, sphere, vision. Memorise each word not with a synonym, but with a collocation: trigger a response, attain a goal, inherent risk, mutual benefit.
Academic Word List (AWL), akademik İngilizce metinlerin yaklaşık %10'unu oluşturan 570 kelime ailesini frekansa göre 10 alt listeye böler. Sublist 9, bu sıralamanın sondan bir öncekidir: kelimeler genel akademik dilde 1'den 8'e kadar olan listeler kadar sık geçmez, ama IELTS Academic gibi üst düzey sınavların tam da ayırt edici bölgesinde yoğunlaşır. Yani bir aday Band 6 ile Band 7-8 arasındaki farkı çoğunlukla bu "orta-düşük frekanslı ama yüksek isabetli" kelimelerle ortaya koyar.
Sublist 9'un IELTS'teki değeri üç yerde toplanır. Reading bölümünde bu kelimeler genellikle bir paragrafın ana fikrini taşıyan cümlede yer alır; inherent, controversy veya diminish gibi bir kelimeyi tanımak, soruyu parafraz üzerinden doğru eşleştirmenizi sağlar. Writing Task 2'de bu kelimeler, argümanınıza ölçülü ve nesnel bir akademik ton verir; trigger, mutual, restrain gibi sözcükler günlük karşılıklarının (örneğin cause, shared, stop) yerine geçtiğinde Lexical Resource puanınız yükselir. Speaking Part 3'te ise doğru yerde kullanılan tek bir scenario ya da conventional kelimesi bile cevabınızın soyutlama seviyesini yükseltir.
Bu sayfadaki 61 headword'ü ezberlerken hedefiniz "tanıma"dan "üretim"e geçmek olmalı. Bir kelimeyi Reading'de tanıyabiliyor olmanız onu Writing'de doğru kullanabileceğiniz anlamına gelmez. Bu yüzden her kelimeyi en az bir collocation ve bir örnek cümle ile birlikte kaydedin; son bölümdeki mini test de bu üretim becerisini ölçer.
The Academic Word List (AWL) divides the 570 word families that make up roughly 10% of academic English texts into 10 sublists by frequency. Sublist 9 is the second from last in this ranking: the words do not appear as often in general academic language as Sublists 1 to 8, but they cluster in exactly the distinguishing zone of top-level exams such as IELTS Academic. In other words, a candidate usually shows the difference between Band 6 and Band 7-8 with these “medium-to-low frequency but high-impact” words.
Sublist 9's value in IELTS is concentrated in three places. Reading section, these words usually appear in the sentence that carries a paragraph's main idea; inherent, controversy or diminish recognising a word like these lets you match the question correctly through paraphrase. Writing Task 2, these words give your argument a measured, objective academic tone; trigger, mutual, restrain words like these, when they replace their everyday equivalents (for example cause, shared, stop), raise your Lexical Resource score. Speaking Part 3, a single, well-placed scenario or conventional even raises the level of abstraction of your answer.
When memorising the 61 headwords on this page, your goal should be to move from “recognition” to “production”. Being able to recognise a word in Reading does not mean you can use it correctly in Writing. So record each word with at least one collocation and one example sentence; the mini test in the last section also measures this production skill.
Aşağıdaki tablo Sublist 9'un 61 headword'ünü, en sık kullanılan aile formlarıyla ve Türkçe karşılıklarıyla verir. İtalik yazılan formlar sınavda en çok işinize yarayacak olanlardır. Bir kelimeyi çalışırken önce headword'ü, sonra karşı sütunda ihtiyacınız olan biçimi (isim mi fiil mi sıfat mı) seçmeyi alışkanlık haline getirin.
| Headword | Aile formları | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| accommodate | accommodation (n), accommodating (adj) | karşılamak, uyum sağlamak; barınma |
| analogy | analogous (adj), analogically (adv) | benzetme, analoji |
| anticipate | anticipation (n), anticipated (adj) | öngörmek, beklemek |
| assure | assurance (n), assured (adj), assuredly (adv) | güvence vermek, temin etmek |
| attain | attainment (n), attainable (adj) | elde etmek, ulaşmak |
| behalf | on behalf of (phr) | adına, namına |
| bulk | bulky (adj) | büyük kısım, hacim; hantal |
| cease | ceaseless (adj), cessation (n) | son vermek, durmak |
| coherent | coherence (n), coherently (adv), incoherent (adj) | tutarlı, akıcı |
| coincide | coincidence (n), coincidental (adj) | çakışmak, aynı anda olmak |
| commence | commencement (n) | başlamak, başlatmak |
| compatible | compatibility (n), incompatible (adj) | uyumlu, bağdaşan |
| concurrent | concurrently (adv), concur (v), concurrence (n) | eşzamanlı, aynı anda olan |
| confine | confinement (n), confined (adj) | sınırlamak, kısıtlamak |
| controversy | controversial (adj), controversially (adv) | tartışma, ihtilaf |
| conventional | convention (n), conventionally (adv), unconventional (adj) | geleneksel, alışılmış |
| converse | conversely (adv), conversion (n) | tersi, aksi |
| device | devise (v) | araç, cihaz; (devise) tasarlamak |
| devote | devotion (n), devoted (adj), devotedly (adv) | adamak, ayırmak |
| diminish | diminished (adj), diminishing (adj) | azalmak, azaltmak |
| distort | distortion (n), distorted (adj) | çarpıtmak, bozmak |
| duration | durable (adj), durability (n) | süre, süreklilik |
| erode | erosion (n), erosive (adj) | aşındırmak, yıpratmak |
| ethic | ethics (n), ethical (adj), unethical (adj), ethically (adv) | etik, ahlak |
| format | formatting (n), formatted (adj) | biçim, düzen; biçimlendirmek |
| found | foundation (n), founder (n), founded (adj) | kurmak, temellendirmek |
| inherent | inherently (adv) | doğasında olan, özünde bulunan |
| insight | insightful (adj) | içgörü, kavrayış |
| integral | integrally (adv) | ayrılmaz, temel |
| intermediate | intermediary (n) | orta, ara (düzey) |
| manual | manually (adv) | elle yapılan; kılavuz |
| mature | maturity (n), maturely (adv), immature (adj) | olgun; olgunlaşmak |
| mediate | mediation (n), mediator (n) | arabuluculuk yapmak |
| medium | media (n, pl) | orta; araç, ortam |
| military | militarily (adv), militarise (v) | askeri; ordu |
| minimal | minimally (adv), minimise (v), minimum (n) | asgari, en az |
| mutual | mutually (adv) | karşılıklı, ortak |
| norm | normal (adj), normalise (v), normally (adv) | norm, ölçüt |
| overlap | overlapping (adj) | örtüşmek, çakışmak |
| passive | passively (adv), passivity (n) | edilgen, pasif |
| portion | proportion (n), portioned (adj) | kısım, pay, porsiyon |
| preliminary | preliminarily (adv) | ön, hazırlık niteliğinde |
| protocol | protocols (n, pl) | protokol, kural dizisi |
| qualitative | qualitatively (adv), quality (n) | niteliksel, nitel |
| refine | refinement (n), refined (adj) | inceltmek, iyileştirmek |
| relax | relaxation (n), relaxed (adj) | gevşetmek, rahatlamak |
| restrain | restraint (n), restrained (adj) | frenlemek, dizginlemek |
| revolution | revolutionary (adj), revolutionise (v) | devrim; köklü değişim |
| rigid | rigidity (n), rigidly (adv) | katı, esnemez |
| route | routing (n) | güzergah, yol |
| scenario | scenarios (n, pl) | senaryo, olası durum |
| sphere | spherical (adj) | alan, küre; etki alanı |
| subordinate | subordination (n), subordinated (adj) | ast, alt sıradaki |
| supplement | supplementary (adj), supplemental (adj) | ek, takviye |
| suspend | suspension (n), suspended (adj) | askıya almak, ertelemek |
| team | teamwork (n), teammate (n) | ekip, takım |
| temporary | temporarily (adv) | geçici |
| trigger | triggered (adj), triggering (n) | tetiklemek; tetik |
| unify | unification (n), unified (adj), unity (n) | birleştirmek, bütünleştirmek |
| violate | violation (n), violated (adj) | ihlal etmek, çiğnemek |
| vision | visionary (adj/n), visual (adj) | vizyon, görüş; öngörü |
The table below gives Sublist 9's 61 headwords with their most frequently used family forms and their meanings. The forms in italics are the ones that will help you most in the exam. When you study a word, make it a habit to look first at the headword and then at the form you need in the opposite column (noun, verb or adjective).
| Headword | Family forms | Turkish equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| accommodate | accommodation (n), accommodating (adj) | to accommodate, to adapt; accommodation |
| analogy | analogous (adj), analogically (adv) | analogy, comparison |
| anticipate | anticipation (n), anticipated (adj) | to anticipate, to expect |
| assure | assurance (n), assured (adj), assuredly (adv) | to assure, to guarantee |
| attain | attainment (n), attainable (adj) | to attain, to reach |
| behalf | on behalf of (phr) | on behalf of |
| bulk | bulky (adj) | bulk, volume; bulky |
| cease | ceaseless (adj), cessation (n) | to cease, to stop |
| coherent | coherence (n), coherently (adv), incoherent (adj) | coherent, fluent |
| coincide | coincidence (n), coincidental (adj) | to coincide, to happen at the same time |
| commence | commencement (n) | to commence, to begin |
| compatible | compatibility (n), incompatible (adj) | compatible, consistent |
| concurrent | concurrently (adv), concur (v), concurrence (n) | concurrent, simultaneous |
| confine | confinement (n), confined (adj) | to confine, to restrict |
| controversy | controversial (adj), controversially (adv) | controversy, dispute |
| conventional | convention (n), conventionally (adv), unconventional (adj) | conventional, customary |
| converse | conversely (adv), conversion (n) | the opposite, the reverse |
| device | devise (v) | device, instrument; (devise) to design |
| devote | devotion (n), devoted (adj), devotedly (adv) | to devote, to set aside |
| diminish | diminished (adj), diminishing (adj) | to diminish, to reduce |
| distort | distortion (n), distorted (adj) | to distort, to deform |
| duration | durable (adj), durability (n) | duration, continuity |
| erode | erosion (n), erosive (adj) | to erode, to wear away |
| ethic | ethics (n), ethical (adj), unethical (adj), ethically (adv) | ethic, morality |
| format | formatting (n), formatted (adj) | format, layout; to format |
| found | foundation (n), founder (n), founded (adj) | to found, to establish |
| inherent | inherently (adv) | inherent, intrinsic |
| insight | insightful (adj) | insight, comprehension |
| integral | integrally (adv) | integral, essential |
| intermediate | intermediary (n) | intermediate, mid (level) |
| manual | manually (adv) | manual (done by hand); handbook |
| mature | maturity (n), maturely (adv), immature (adj) | mature; to mature |
| mediate | mediation (n), mediator (n) | to mediate |
| medium | media (n, pl) | medium; means, environment |
| military | militarily (adv), militarise (v) | military; army |
| minimal | minimally (adv), minimise (v), minimum (n) | minimal, least |
| mutual | mutually (adv) | mutual, shared |
| norm | normal (adj), normalise (v), normally (adv) | norm, standard |
| overlap | overlapping (adj) | to overlap, to coincide |
| passive | passively (adv), passivity (n) | passive |
| portion | proportion (n), portioned (adj) | portion, share, serving |
| preliminary | preliminarily (adv) | preliminary, preparatory |
| protocol | protocols (n, pl) | protocol, set of rules |
| qualitative | qualitatively (adv), quality (n) | qualitative |
| refine | refinement (n), refined (adj) | to refine, to improve |
| relax | relaxation (n), relaxed (adj) | to relax, to loosen |
| restrain | restraint (n), restrained (adj) | to restrain, to curb |
| revolution | revolutionary (adj), revolutionise (v) | revolution; radical change |
| rigid | rigidity (n), rigidly (adv) | rigid, inflexible |
| route | routing (n) | route, way |
| scenario | scenarios (n, pl) | scenario, possible situation |
| sphere | spherical (adj) | sphere, domain; area of influence |
| subordinate | subordination (n), subordinated (adj) | subordinate, lower-ranking |
| supplement | supplementary (adj), supplemental (adj) | supplement, addition |
| suspend | suspension (n), suspended (adj) | to suspend, to postpone |
| team | teamwork (n), teammate (n) | team, crew |
| temporary | temporarily (adv) | temporary |
| trigger | triggered (adj), triggering (n) | to trigger; trigger |
| unify | unification (n), unified (adj), unity (n) | to unify, to integrate |
| violate | violation (n), violated (adj) | to violate, to breach |
| vision | visionary (adj/n), visual (adj) | vision, view; foresight |
Aşağıdaki cümleler Sublist 9 kelimelerini gerçek bir IELTS Writing Task 2 veya Reading bağlamında gösterir. Her cümlenin altındaki Türkçe not (gloss), kelimenin o cümledeki tam işlevini açıklar. Cümleleri kalıp olarak değil, yapıyı anlayarak kullanın.
Rapid urban growth often triggers a rise in demand that existing infrastructure cannot accommodate.
Gloss: trigger = tetiklemek (bir zincirleme etki başlatır), accommodate = karşılamak/yetişmek. İki Sublist 9 fiili tek cümlede neden-sonuç ilişkisi kurar.
Critics argue that the policy violates a principle that is inherent to democratic governance.
Gloss: violate = ihlal etmek, inherent = doğasında/özünde olan. "inherent to + isim" kalıbına dikkat.
The two studies were conducted concurrently, yet their findings partly overlap rather than fully agree.
Gloss: concurrently = eşzamanlı, overlap = kısmen örtüşmek. Karşılaştırma cümlelerinde çok işlevsel.
Over the past decade, public trust in traditional media has steadily diminished.
Gloss: diminish = kademeli azalmak. Trend/grafik cümlelerinde decrease yerine daha akademik bir seçenek.
A coherent argument must present evidence that is compatible with its central claim.
Gloss: coherent = tutarlı, compatible = bağdaşan/uyumlu. Task 2'de argüman kalitesini tarif eder.
Governments should devote a larger portion of the budget to preventive healthcare.
Gloss: devote = ayırmak/adamak, portion = pay/kısım. Öneri cümlelerinde güçlü bir ikili.
The preliminary results are promising, but a longer duration of study is needed to assure reliability.
Gloss: preliminary = ön/hazırlık, duration = süre, assure = güvence vermek. Akademik ihtiyat tonunu kurar.
Automation has eroded the demand for manual labour in many manufacturing sectors.
Gloss: erode = yavaşça aşındırmak, manual = elle yapılan. Ekonomi/teknoloji konularında sık kullanılır.
Unlike a rigid curriculum, a flexible one can be refined as students' needs change.
Gloss: rigid = katı/esnemez, refine = iyileştirmek/inceltmek. Karşıtlık cümlesinin iki ucunu taşır.
International cooperation depends on mutual respect and a shared vision for the future.
Gloss: mutual = karşılıklı, vision = ortak öngörü/vizyon. Sonuç ve öneri paragraflarında etkili bir kapanış.
The sentences below show Sublist 9 words in a real IELTS Writing Task 2 or Reading context. The Turkish note (gloss) under each sentence explains the word's exact function in that sentence. Use the sentences by understanding the structure, not as fixed templates.
Rapid urban growth often triggers a rise in demand that existing infrastructure cannot accommodate.
Gloss: trigger = to trigger (it starts a chain effect), accommodate = to accommodate/keep up with. Two Sublist 9 verbs build a cause-and-effect relationship in a single sentence.
Critics argue that the policy violates a principle that is inherent to democratic governance.
Gloss: violate = to violate, inherent = inherent/intrinsic. Watch the pattern “inherent to + noun”.
The two studies were conducted concurrently, yet their findings partly overlap rather than fully agree.
Gloss: concurrently = concurrent, overlap = to partly overlap. Very functional in comparison sentences.
Over the past decade, public trust in traditional media has steadily diminished.
Gloss: diminish = to diminish gradually. In trend/graph sentences, a more academic option than decrease.
A coherent argument must present evidence that is compatible with its central claim.
Gloss: coherent = coherent, compatible = consistent/compatible. It describes argument quality in Task 2.
Governments should devote a larger portion of the budget to preventive healthcare.
Gloss: devote = to set aside/devote, portion = share/portion. A strong pair in recommendation sentences.
The preliminary results are promising, but a longer duration of study is needed to assure reliability.
Gloss: preliminary = preliminary/preparatory, duration = duration, assure = to assure. It sets a tone of academic caution.
Automation has eroded the demand for manual labour in many manufacturing sectors.
Gloss: erode = to erode slowly, manual = done by hand (manual). Frequently used in economics/technology topics.
Unlike a rigid curriculum, a flexible one can be refined as students' needs change.
Gloss: rigid = rigid/inflexible, refine = to improve/refine. It carries the two ends of a contrast sentence.
International cooperation depends on mutual respect and a shared vision for the future.
Gloss: mutual = mutual, vision = shared foresight/vision. An effective closing in conclusion and recommendation paragraphs.
Bir kelimeyi tek başına bilmek yetmez; onu hangi kelimelerle birlikte kullanacağınızı bilmek gerekir. Aşağıdaki tablo Sublist 9 kelimeleri için en doğal collocation'ları verir. Bunları blok halinde ezberleyin, cümle kurarken tek tek kelime seçmeyin.
| Kelime | Doğal collocation | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| attain | attain a goal / a standard / independence | hedefe/standarda ulaşmak |
| trigger | trigger a response / a debate / a crisis | tepki/tartışma tetiklemek |
| inherent | an inherent risk / flaw / tendency | doğasında olan risk/kusur |
| mutual | mutual benefit / understanding / respect | karşılıklı yarar/anlayış |
| integral | an integral part / role | ayrılmaz parça/rol |
| controversy | spark / fuel controversy | tartışma yaratmak/körüklemek |
| commence | commence operations / proceedings | faaliyete/işleme başlamak |
| diminish | diminish gradually / significantly | kademeli/belirgin azalmak |
| confine | be confined to | -ile sınırlı olmak |
| devote | devote time / resources to | -e zaman/kaynak ayırmak |
IELTS'te asıl puan sıçraması, günlük bir kelimeyi bağlama uygun akademik bir karşılıkla değiştirdiğinizde gelir. Ancak bu her zaman "daha zor kelime = daha iyi" değildir; yanlış bağlamda kullanılan akademik kelime hatadır. Aşağıdaki karşılaştırmalar bunu gösterir.
Knowing a word on its own is not enough; you also need to know which words it is used with. The table below gives the most natural collocations for the Sublist 9 words. Memorise them as blocks; don't pick words one by one when building a sentence.
| Word | Natural collocation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| attain | attain a goal / a standard / independence | to reach a goal/standard |
| trigger | trigger a response / a debate / a crisis | to trigger a response/debate |
| inherent | an inherent risk / flaw / tendency | an inherent risk/flaw |
| mutual | mutual benefit / understanding / respect | mutual benefit/understanding |
| integral | an integral part / role | an integral part/role |
| controversy | spark / fuel controversy | to spark/fuel controversy |
| commence | commence operations / proceedings | to commence operations/proceedings |
| diminish | diminish gradually / significantly | to diminish gradually/significantly |
| confine | be confined to | to be confined to |
| devote | devote time / resources to | to devote time/resources to |
The real score jump in IELTS comes when you replace an everyday word with a context-appropriate academic equivalent. But this is not always “a harder word = better”; an academic word used in the wrong context is a mistake. The comparisons below show this.
Sublist 9 kelimeleri anlam ve biçim olarak kolayca karıştırılır. Aşağıdaki uyarılar IELTS adaylarının en sık düştüğü tuzakları toplar.
Bu hatalar Lexical Resource puanını doğrudan düşürür çünkü sınav değerlendiricisi kelimeyi "biliyor ama yanlış kullanıyor" olarak işaretler. Her yeni kelimeyi öğrenirken, karıştırılabileceği kelimeyi de yanına not edin.
Sublist 9 words are easily confused in meaning and form. The warnings below gather the traps IELTS candidates fall into most often.
These mistakes directly lower your Lexical Resource score, because the examiner marks the word as “known but used incorrectly”. When learning each new word, also note beside it the word it could be confused with.
Aşağıdaki boşluk doldurma testi, Sublist 9 kelimelerini üretim düzeyinde ölçer. Önce boşlukları kapatmadan cevaplamayı deneyin, sonra doğru biçimi (gerekiyorsa aile formunu değiştirerek) yazın.
Bir sonraki adım için bu kelimeleri gerçek bir yanıtta görmek isterseniz model cevaplar sayfasına, tüm AWL listelerinin haritası için AWL genel bakış sayfasına geçin. Sublist 9'u Sublist 10 ile birlikte çalışmak, akademik kelime dağarcığınızın en üst katmanını tamamlar.
The gap-fill test below measures Sublist 9 words at production level. First try to answer without covering the gaps, then write the correct form (changing the family form if needed).
If, for your next step, you want to see these words in a real answer, go to the model answers page, and for a map of all the AWL lists, go to the AWL overview page. Studying Sublist 9 together with Sublist 10 completes the top layer of your academic vocabulary.