Bu sayfa Academic Word List (AWL) Sublist 8'deki 60 kelime ailesini IELTS Academic bakış açısıyla işler; açıklamalar Türkçe, örnekler İngilizce verilir.
This page works through the 60 word families of the Academic Word List (AWL) Sublist 8 from an IELTS Academic perspective; the explanations are in Turkish and the examples in English.
AWL Sublist 8, akademik metinlerde orta-düşük frekansta ama IELTS Writing ve Reading'de kritik 60 kelime ailesini kapsar. Bu sayfada her kelimenin ailesini, doğru collocation'larını ve sık hataları görürsün. Genel resim için AWL genel bakış sayfasına, bu kelimeleri kullanan örnek yazılar için model cevaplar sayfasına göz at.
AWL Sublist 8 covers 60 word families that appear at medium-to-low frequency in academic texts but are critical in IELTS Writing and Reading. On this page you will see each word's family, its correct collocations and its common mistakes. For the big picture, see the AWL overview page, and for sample essays that use these words, look at the model answers page.
Academic Word List (AWL), akademik İngilizce metinlerde en sık geçen 570 kelime ailesini frekansa göre 10 alt listeye (sublist) böler. Sublist 8, bu sıralamanın orta-alt bandında yer alır: kelimeler günlük konuşmada Sublist 1-3 kadar sık değildir, ancak IELTS Academic'in Reading pasajlarında ve yüksek band alan Writing cevaplarında düzenli karşına çıkarlar.
Neden bu liste kritik? Çünkü crucial, inevitable, widespread gibi kelimeler Band 5-6 adayının “very important”, “can't be stopped”, “all over the place” gibi basıt ifadelerini tek kelimede, akademik tonda karşılar. IELTS'te Lexical Resource kriteri tam olarak bunu ölçer: doğru kelimeyi doğru bağlamda, doğru dilbilgisi formuyla kullanabiliyor musun?
Aşağıdaki bölümlerde önce tüm 60 kelimeyi aileleriyle bir tabloda, sonra bunları gerçek IELTS cümlelerinde, ardından collocation ve upgrade örnekleriyle, en sonda da sık hatalar ve bir mini testle göreceksin.
The Academic Word List (AWL) divides the 570 word families that occur most often in academic English texts into 10 sublists by frequency. Sublist 8 sits in the mid-lower band of this ranking: the words are not as frequent in everyday speech as Sublists 1-3, but in IELTS Academic's Reading passages and in high-band Writing answers they appear regularly.
Why is this list critical? Because crucial, inevitable, widespread and similar words express, in a single word and an academic tone, the simple phrases a Band 5-6 candidate uses such as “very important”, “can't be stopped”, “all over the place”. In IELTS, the Lexical Resource criterion measures exactly this: can you use the right word, in the right context, with the right grammatical form?
In the sections below you will first see all 60 words with their families in a table, then in real IELTS sentences, next with collocation and upgrade examples, and finally with common mistakes and a mini test.
Aşağıdaki tabloda Sublist 8'in tüm headword'leri, en çok kullanılan aile formları ve Türkçe karşılıklarıyla yer alır. Aile formlarını yüksek sesle tekrar et; IELTS'te çoğu hata türev formunda yapılır.
| Headword | Aile formları | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| abandon | abandon (v), abandonment (n), abandoned (adj) | terk etmek; terk edilmiş |
| accompany | accompany (v), accompaniment (n), accompanying (adj) | eşlik etmek |
| accumulate | accumulate (v), accumulation (n), accumulative (adj) | biriktirmek; birikim |
| ambiguous | ambiguous (adj), ambiguity (n), ambiguously (adv) | muğlak, belirsiz |
| append | append (v), appendix (n), appendage (n) | eklemek; ek |
| appreciate | appreciate (v), appreciation (n), appreciable / appreciative (adj) | takdir etmek; değer kazanmak |
| arbitrary | arbitrary (adj), arbitrarily (adv), arbitrariness (n) | keyfi, gelişigüzel |
| automate | automate (v), automation (n), automatic (adj), automatically (adv) | otomatikleştirmek |
| bias | bias (n/v), biased (adj), unbiased (adj) | önyargı; önyargılı |
| chart | chart (n/v), charted (adj) | grafik, çizelge; çizmek |
| clarify | clarify (v), clarification (n), clarity (n) | açıklığa kavuşturmak; netlik |
| commodity | commodity (n), commodities (pl) | meta, ticari mal |
| complement | complement (v/n), complementary (adj) | tamamlamak; tamamlayıcı |
| conform | conform (v), conformity (n), conformist (n) | uymak; uyum |
| contemporary | contemporary (adj/n), contemporaries (pl) | çağdaş, günümüz |
| contradict | contradict (v), contradiction (n), contradictory (adj) | çelişmek; çelişki |
| crucial | crucial (adj), crucially (adv) | hayati, çok önemli |
| currency | currency (n), currencies (pl) | para birimi; geçerlilik |
| denote | denote (v), denotation (n) | işaret etmek, belirtmek |
| detect | detect (v), detection (n), detector (n), detectable (adj) | tespit etmek |
| deviate | deviate (v), deviation (n), deviant (adj) | sapmak; sapma |
| displace | displace (v), displacement (n), displaced (adj) | yerinden etmek |
| drama | drama (n), dramatic (adj), dramatically (adv), dramatist (n) | dram; çarpıcı |
| eventual | eventual (adj), eventually (adv), eventuality (n) | nihai; sonunda |
| exhibit | exhibit (v/n), exhibition (n), exhibitor (n) | sergilemek; sergi |
| exploit | exploit (v/n), exploitation (n), exploitative (adj) | sömürmek; yararlanmak |
| fluctuate | fluctuate (v), fluctuation (n), fluctuating (adj) | dalgalanmak; dalgalanma |
| guideline | guideline (n), guidelines (pl) | kılavuz ilke, yönerge |
| highlight | highlight (v/n), highlighted (adj) | vurgulamak; öne çıkarmak |
| implicit | implicit (adj), implicitly (adv), implication (n) | örtük, zımni |
| induce | induce (v), induction (n), inducement (n) | yol açmak; teşvik etmek |
| inevitable | inevitable (adj), inevitably (adv), inevitability (n) | kaçınılmaz |
| infrastructure | infrastructure (n), infrastructural (adj) | altyapı |
| inspect | inspect (v), inspection (n), inspector (n) | denetlemek; denetim |
| intense | intense (adj), intensity (n), intensify (v), intensive (adj), intensely (adv) | yoğun; yoğunluk |
| manipulate | manipulate (v), manipulation (n), manipulative (adj) | manipüle etmek; işlemek |
| minimise | minimise (v), minimal (adj), minimum (n), minimally (adv) | asgariye indirmek |
| nuclear | nuclear (adj), nucleus (n) | nükleer; çekirdek |
| offset | offset (v/n), offsetting (adj) | dengelemek; telafi etmek |
| paragraph | paragraph (n), paragraphs (pl) | paragraf |
| plus | plus (prep/n/adj), pluses (pl) | artı; avantaj |
| practitioner | practitioner (n), practitioners (pl) | uygulayıcı; pratisyen |
| predominant | predominant (adj), predominantly (adv), predominate (v), predominance (n) | baskın, ağırlıklı |
| prospect | prospect (n/v), prospective (adj), prospectus (n) | olasılık, beklenti |
| radical | radical (adj/n), radically (adv), radicalism (n) | köklü, radikal |
| random | random (adj), randomly (adv), randomness (n), randomise (v) | rastgele |
| reinforce | reinforce (v), reinforcement (n), reinforced (adj) | güçlendirmek; pekiştirmek |
| restore | restore (v), restoration (n), restorative (adj) | eski haline getirmek |
| revise | revise (v), revision (n), revised (adj) | gözden geçirmek; düzeltmek |
| schedule | schedule (n/v), scheduled (adj), scheduling (n) | program, çizelge; planlamak |
| tense | tense (adj/n), tension (n), tensely (adv) | gergin; gerginlik; zaman kipi |
| terminate | terminate (v), termination (n), terminal (adj/n) | sonlandırmak; bitirmek |
| theme | theme (n), thematic (adj), themed (adj) | tema, ana konu |
| thereby | thereby (adv) | böylece, bu suretle |
| uniform | uniform (adj/n), uniformity (n), uniformly (adv) | tekdüze; üniforma |
| vehicle | vehicle (n), vehicular (adj) | araç; taşıt |
| via | via (prep) | aracılığıyla, üzerinden |
| virtual | virtual (adj), virtually (adv), virtuality (n) | sanal; neredeyse |
| visual | visual (adj/n), visually (adv), visualise (v), visualisation (n) | görsel |
| widespread | widespread (adj) | yaygın, geniş çaplı |
The table below lists all of Sublist 8's headwords with their most-used family forms and their meanings. Repeat the family forms aloud; in IELTS most mistakes are made in the derived form.
| Headword | Family forms | Turkish equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| abandon | abandon (v), abandonment (n), abandoned (adj) | to abandon; abandoned |
| accompany | accompany (v), accompaniment (n), accompanying (adj) | to accompany |
| accumulate | accumulate (v), accumulation (n), accumulative (adj) | to accumulate; accumulation |
| ambiguous | ambiguous (adj), ambiguity (n), ambiguously (adv) | ambiguous, unclear |
| append | append (v), appendix (n), appendage (n) | to append; appendix |
| appreciate | appreciate (v), appreciation (n), appreciable / appreciative (adj) | to appreciate; to gain value |
| arbitrary | arbitrary (adj), arbitrarily (adv), arbitrariness (n) | arbitrary, random |
| automate | automate (v), automation (n), automatic (adj), automatically (adv) | to automate |
| bias | bias (n/v), biased (adj), unbiased (adj) | bias; biased |
| chart | chart (n/v), charted (adj) | chart, graph; to chart |
| clarify | clarify (v), clarification (n), clarity (n) | to clarify; clarity |
| commodity | commodity (n), commodities (pl) | commodity, trade good |
| complement | complement (v/n), complementary (adj) | to complement; complementary |
| conform | conform (v), conformity (n), conformist (n) | to conform; conformity |
| contemporary | contemporary (adj/n), contemporaries (pl) | contemporary, present-day |
| contradict | contradict (v), contradiction (n), contradictory (adj) | to contradict; contradiction |
| crucial | crucial (adj), crucially (adv) | vital, crucial |
| currency | currency (n), currencies (pl) | currency; validity |
| denote | denote (v), denotation (n) | to denote, to indicate |
| detect | detect (v), detection (n), detector (n), detectable (adj) | to detect |
| deviate | deviate (v), deviation (n), deviant (adj) | to deviate; deviation |
| displace | displace (v), displacement (n), displaced (adj) | to displace |
| drama | drama (n), dramatic (adj), dramatically (adv), dramatist (n) | drama; dramatic |
| eventual | eventual (adj), eventually (adv), eventuality (n) | eventual; eventually |
| exhibit | exhibit (v/n), exhibition (n), exhibitor (n) | to exhibit; exhibition |
| exploit | exploit (v/n), exploitation (n), exploitative (adj) | to exploit; to make use of |
| fluctuate | fluctuate (v), fluctuation (n), fluctuating (adj) | to fluctuate; fluctuation |
| guideline | guideline (n), guidelines (pl) | guideline, directive |
| highlight | highlight (v/n), highlighted (adj) | to highlight; to bring to the fore |
| implicit | implicit (adj), implicitly (adv), implication (n) | implicit, tacit |
| induce | induce (v), induction (n), inducement (n) | to induce; to encourage |
| inevitable | inevitable (adj), inevitably (adv), inevitability (n) | inevitable |
| infrastructure | infrastructure (n), infrastructural (adj) | infrastructure |
| inspect | inspect (v), inspection (n), inspector (n) | to inspect; inspection |
| intense | intense (adj), intensity (n), intensify (v), intensive (adj), intensely (adv) | intense; intensity |
| manipulate | manipulate (v), manipulation (n), manipulative (adj) | to manipulate; to handle |
| minimise | minimise (v), minimal (adj), minimum (n), minimally (adv) | to minimise |
| nuclear | nuclear (adj), nucleus (n) | nuclear; nucleus |
| offset | offset (v/n), offsetting (adj) | to offset; to compensate |
| paragraph | paragraph (n), paragraphs (pl) | paragraph |
| plus | plus (prep/n/adj), pluses (pl) | plus; advantage |
| practitioner | practitioner (n), practitioners (pl) | practitioner; general practitioner |
| predominant | predominant (adj), predominantly (adv), predominate (v), predominance (n) | predominant, dominant |
| prospect | prospect (n/v), prospective (adj), prospectus (n) | prospect, expectation |
| radical | radical (adj/n), radically (adv), radicalism (n) | radical, root-and-branch |
| random | random (adj), randomly (adv), randomness (n), randomise (v) | random |
| reinforce | reinforce (v), reinforcement (n), reinforced (adj) | to reinforce; to strengthen |
| restore | restore (v), restoration (n), restorative (adj) | to restore |
| revise | revise (v), revision (n), revised (adj) | to revise; to correct |
| schedule | schedule (n/v), scheduled (adj), scheduling (n) | schedule, timetable; to schedule |
| tense | tense (adj/n), tension (n), tensely (adv) | tense; tension; verb tense |
| terminate | terminate (v), termination (n), terminal (adj/n) | to terminate; to end |
| theme | theme (n), thematic (adj), themed (adj) | theme, main topic |
| thereby | thereby (adv) | thereby, thus |
| uniform | uniform (adj/n), uniformity (n), uniformly (adv) | uniform; uniform (clothing) |
| vehicle | vehicle (n), vehicular (adj) | vehicle; conveyance |
| via | via (prep) | via, through |
| virtual | virtual (adj), virtually (adv), virtuality (n) | virtual; almost |
| visual | visual (adj/n), visually (adv), visualise (v), visualisation (n) | visual |
| widespread | widespread (adj) | widespread, large-scale |
Aşağıdaki cümleler, kelimeleri gerçek IELTS Writing/Reading bağlamında gösterir. Her cümlenin altında Türkçe açıklama (gloss) vardır.
The proportion of renewable energy fluctuated sharply between 2000 and 2010, before it eventually stabilised.
Gloss: Yenilenebilir enerji oranı 2000-2010 arası keskin şekilde dalgalandı, sonunda dengelendi. (Task 1 eğri betimleme.)
Access to clean water is crucial for public health, particularly in widespread rural areas.
Gloss: Temiz suya erişim, özellikle yaygın kırsal bölgelerde halk sağlığı için hayatidir.
As cities grow, traffic congestion becomes almost inevitable unless the transport infrastructure is upgraded.
Gloss: Şehirler büyüdükçe, ulaşım altyapısı geliştirilmedikçe trafik sıkışıklığı neredeyse kaçınılmazdır.
Advertisers often manipulate images to reinforce unrealistic beauty standards.
Gloss: Reklamcılar, gerçekçi olmayan güzellik standartlarını pekiştirmek için görselleri sıkça manipüle eder.
The government's policy on immigration remains ambiguous, which has led to contradictory interpretations.
Gloss: Hükümetin göç politikası muğlak kalıyor; bu da çelişkili yorumlara yol açtı.
Planting trees can partially offset the carbon emissions produced by industry.
Gloss: Ağaç dikmek, endüstrinin ürettiği karbon emisyonlarını kısmen dengeleyebilir.
In many developing economies, agriculture is still the predominant source of employment.
Gloss: Birçok gelişmekte olan ekonomide tarım hâlâ baskın istihdam kaynağıdır.
Companies increasingly automate routine tasks, thereby reducing labour costs.
Gloss: Şirketler rutin görevleri giderek otomatikleştiriyor, böylece işçilik maliyetini düşürüyor.
A radical reform of the tax system is required to minimise inequality.
Gloss: Eşitsizliği asgariye indirmek için vergi sisteminde köklü bir reform gerekir.
Online learning platforms deliver lessons via the internet, giving students virtual access to expert teachers.
Gloss: Çevrimiçi öğrenme platformları dersleri internet aracılığıyla sunar ve öğrencilere uzman öğretmenlere sanal erişim verir.
The sentences below show the words in a real IELTS Writing/Reading context. Below each sentence there is an explanation (gloss).
The proportion of renewable energy fluctuated sharply between 2000 and 2010, before it eventually stabilised.
Gloss: The share of renewable energy sharply fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, eventually stabilising. (Task 1 curve description.)
Access to clean water is crucial for public health, particularly in widespread rural areas.
Gloss: Access to clean water is, especially in widespread rural areas, crucial for public health.
As cities grow, traffic congestion becomes almost inevitable unless the transport infrastructure is upgraded.
Gloss: As cities grow, unless the transport infrastructure is upgraded, traffic congestion is almost inevitable.
Advertisers often manipulate images to reinforce unrealistic beauty standards.
Gloss: Advertisers, to reinforce unrealistic beauty standards, frequently manipulate.
The government's policy on immigration remains ambiguous, which has led to contradictory interpretations.
Gloss: The government's immigration policy remains ambiguous, which has led to contradictory interpretations.
Planting trees can partially offset the carbon emissions produced by industry.
Gloss: The carbon emissions produced by industry can be partially offset.
In many developing economies, agriculture is still the predominant source of employment.
Gloss: In many developing economies, agriculture is still the predominant source of employment.
Companies increasingly automate routine tasks, thereby reducing labour costs.
Gloss: Companies increasingly automate, thereby reducing labour costs.
A radical reform of the tax system is required to minimise inequality.
Gloss: In order to minimise inequality, the tax system needs a radical reform.
Online learning platforms deliver lessons via the internet, giving students virtual access to expert teachers.
Gloss: Online learning platforms deliver lessons via the internet and give students virtual access to expert teachers.
Kelimeyi tek başına değil, doğru arkadaşlarıyla (collocation) kullan. Aşağıdaki tablo, Sublist 8 kelimelerinin en doğal eşlikçilerini verir.
| Kelime | Doğal collocation | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| crucial | crucial role / crucial for success | hayati rol / başarı için hayati |
| fluctuate | prices fluctuate / fluctuate wildly | fiyatlar dalgalanır / vahşice dalgalanmak |
| reinforce | reinforce a stereotype / reinforce the idea | bir klişeyi pekiştirmek |
| widespread | widespread use / become widespread | yaygın kullanım |
| exploit | exploit resources / exploit workers | kaynakları kullanmak / işçileri sömürmek |
| offset | offset the cost / offset emissions | maliyeti dengelemek |
| highlight | highlight the importance of | önemini vurgulamak |
| radical | radical change / radical solution | köklü değişim |
| predominant | predominant view / predominant factor | baskın görüş / etken |
| restore | restore confidence / restore order | güveni geri getirmek |
Aşağıda, düşük bantlı günlük ifadeleri Sublist 8 kelimeleriyle akademik seviyeye taşıyoruz:
Use a word not on its own but together with its correct partners (collocation). The table below gives the most natural companions of the Sublist 8 words.
| Word | Natural collocation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| crucial | crucial role / crucial for success | vital role / vital for success |
| fluctuate | prices fluctuate / fluctuate wildly | prices fluctuate / to fluctuate wildly |
| reinforce | reinforce a stereotype / reinforce the idea | to reinforce a stereotype |
| widespread | widespread use / become widespread | widespread use |
| exploit | exploit resources / exploit workers | to use resources / to exploit workers |
| offset | offset the cost / offset emissions | to offset the cost |
| highlight | highlight the importance of | to highlight the importance |
| radical | radical change / radical solution | radical change |
| predominant | predominant view / predominant factor | predominant view / factor |
| restore | restore confidence / restore order | to restore confidence |
Below, we lift low-band everyday expressions to an academic level using the Sublist 8 words:
Aşağıdaki boşlukları Sublist 8 kelimelerinden uygun formla doldur. Önce kendin dene, sonra cevapları aç.
Fill the gaps below with the appropriate form of a Sublist 8 word. Try it yourself first, then reveal the answers.