Bu sayfadaki İngilizce kelime, cümle ve collocation örnekleri özgün öğretim amaçlıdır; Türkçe açıklamalar öğrenmeyi kolaylaştırmak için eklenmiştir.
The English words, sentences and collocation examples on this page are original teaching material; the Turkish explanations were added to make learning easier.
AWL Sublist 2, akademik metinlerde en sık geçen ikinci kelime kümesidir; bu sayfada 48 headword'ün kelime ailesini, IELTS'e uygun model cümleleri ve sık yapılan hataları çalışırsın. Daha geniş çerçeve için AWL genel bakış sayfasına, kelimeleri gerçek yanıtlarda görmek için model cevaplar bölümüne göz at.
AWL Sublist 2 is the second most frequent set of words in academic texts; on this page you study the word families of 48 headwords, IELTS-appropriate model sentences and common mistakes. For a broader framework, see the AWL overview page, and to see the words in real answers, check the model answers section.
Averil Coxhead'in derlediği Academic Word List (AWL), akademik İngilizcede en sık geçen 570 kelime ailesini frekansa göre 10 alt listeye (sublist) böler. Sublist 1 en sık kümeyken, Sublist 2 hemen ardından gelir: bu 48 headword ders kitaplarında, akademik makalelerde ve IELTS okuma metinlerinde neredeyse her sayfada karşına çıkar. Yani bu listeyi bilmek hem Reading'de metni hızlı anlamanı, hem de Writing ile Speaking'te daha akademik bir kayıtta üretim yapmanı sağlar.
IELTS puanlamasında Lexical Resource kriteri, kelime çeşitliliğini ve doğru kullanımı ölçer. Band 5-6 adayları çoğu zaman get, very, a lot of gibi genel kelimelerde takılır. Sublist 2, bu genel kelimeleri obtain, significantly, a considerable range of gibi akademik alternatiflerle değiştirmenin anahtarını verir. Ancak dikkat: kelimeyi ezberlemek yetmez; kelime ailesini (fiil/isim/sıfat/zarf) ve collocation'ını (birlikte kullanıldığı kelimeleri) bilmek gerekir. Aksi halde “büyük kelime yanlış yerde” hatası yaparsın ve puanın düşer.
Compiled by Averil Coxhead, the Academic Word List (AWL) divides the 570 most frequent word families in academic English into 10 sublists by frequency. Sublist 1 is the most frequent set, while Sublist 2 comes right after it: these 48 headwords appear on almost every page of textbooks, academic articles and IELTS reading passages. So knowing this list helps you, in Reading, understand the text quickly, and also produce at a more academic register in Writing and Speaking.
In IELTS scoring, the Lexical Resource criterion measures the variety and correct use of vocabulary. Band 5-6 candidates often get stuck on general words such as get, very, a lot of; Sublist 2 gives you the key to replacing these general words with academic alternatives such as obtain, significantly, a considerable range of. But beware: memorising a word is not enough; you also need to know its word family (verb/noun/adjective/adverb) and its collocation (the words it is used with). Otherwise you make the “big word in the wrong place” mistake and your score drops.
Aşağıdaki tabloda her headword için en çok işine yarayacak aile formlarını ve Türkçe karşılığını bulacaksın. IELTS'te en sık isim ve sıfat formları gerekir; fiili doğru isimleştirmek (nominalisation) akademik yazının belkemiğidir.
| Headword | Aile formları | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| achieve (v) | achievement (n), achievable (adj), achiever (n) | başarmak / başarı |
| acquire (v) | acquisition (n), acquired (adj) | edinmek / edinim |
| affect (v) | affected (adj); krş. effect (n) | etkilemek |
| appropriate (adj) | appropriately (adv), appropriateness (n), inappropriate (adj) | uygun |
| aspect (n) | aspects (pl) | yön / açı |
| assist (v) | assistance (n), assistant (n), assisted (adj) | yardım etmek |
| category (n) | categories (pl), categorize (v), categorical (adj) | kategori |
| community (n) | communities (pl), communal (adj) | topluluk |
| complex (adj) | complexity (n), complexities (pl) | karmaşık |
| consequence (n) | consequent (adj), consequently (adv) | sonuç |
| construct (v) | construction (n), constructive (adj) | inşa etmek / kurmak |
| consume (v) | consumption (n), consumer (n), consuming (adj) | tüketmek |
| credit (n/v) | creditor (n), accredited (adj) | kredi / itibar |
| culture (n) | cultural (adj), culturally (adv) | kültür |
| design (v/n) | designer (n), designed (adj) | tasarlamak / tasarım |
| element (n) | elements (pl), elementary (adj) | öğe / unsur |
| evaluate (v) | evaluation (n), evaluative (adj) | değerlendirmek |
| feature (n/v) | featured (adj), features (pl) | özellik |
| final (adj) | finally (adv), finalize (v), finality (n) | nihai / son |
| focus (v/n) | focused (adj), focusing | odaklanmak / odak |
| impact (n/v) | impactful (adj), impacts (pl) | etki |
| institute (n/v) | institution (n), institutional (adj) | kurum / başlatmak |
| invest (v) | investment (n), investor (n) | yatırım yapmak |
| item (n) | items (pl), itemize (v), itemized (adj) | kalem / madde |
| maintain (v) | maintenance (n), maintained (adj) | sürdürmek / korumak |
| normal (adj) | normally (adv), normalize (v), normality (n), abnormal (adj) | normal / olağan |
| obtain (v) | obtainable (adj), obtained (adj) | elde etmek |
| participate (v) | participation (n), participant (n) | katılmak |
| perceive (v) | perception (n), perceptive (adj), perceived (adj) | algılamak |
| positive (adj) | positively (adv), positivity (n) | olumlu |
| potential (adj/n) | potentially (adv) | potansiyel / olası |
| previous (adj) | previously (adv) | önceki |
| primary (adj) | primarily (adv) | birincil / temel |
| purchase (v/n) | purchaser (n), purchased (adj) | satın almak / satın alma |
| range (n/v) | ranging, ranged | aralık / dizi |
| region (n) | regional (adj), regionally (adv) | bölge |
| regulate (v) | regulation (n), regulatory (adj), regulator (n) | düzenlemek |
| relevant (adj) | relevance (n), irrelevant (adj) | ilgili / geçerli |
| resource (n) | resources (pl), resourceful (adj) | kaynak |
| restrict (v) | restriction (n), restrictive (adj), restricted (adj) | kısıtlamak |
| secure (adj/v) | security (n), securely (adv), secured (adj) | güvenli / güvence altına almak |
| seek (v) | sought (past), seeker (n) | aramak / istemek |
| select (v/adj) | selection (n), selective (adj), selected (adj) | seçmek |
| strategy (n) | strategic (adj), strategically (adv), strategist (n) | strateji |
| survey (n/v) | surveyed, surveys, surveyor (n) | anket / incelemek |
| text (n) | textual (adj), texts (pl) | metin |
| tradition (n) | traditional (adj), traditionally (adv) | gelenek |
| transfer (v/n) | transferable (adj), transferred | aktarmak / transfer |
In the table below you will find, for each headword, the most useful family forms and their meaning. In IELTS the noun and adjective forms are needed most often; nominalising the verb correctly (nominalisation) is the backbone of academic writing.
| Headword | Family forms | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| achieve (v) | achievement (n), achievable (adj), achiever (n) | to achieve / achievement |
| acquire (v) | acquisition (n), acquired (adj) | to acquire / acquisition |
| affect (v) | affected (adj); cf. effect (n) | to affect |
| appropriate (adj) | appropriately (adv), appropriateness (n), inappropriate (adj) | appropriate |
| aspect (n) | aspects (pl) | aspect / angle |
| assist (v) | assistance (n), assistant (n), assisted (adj) | to assist |
| category (n) | categories (pl), categorize (v), categorical (adj) | category |
| community (n) | communities (pl), communal (adj) | community |
| complex (adj) | complexity (n), complexities (pl) | complex |
| consequence (n) | consequent (adj), consequently (adv) | consequence / result |
| construct (v) | construction (n), constructive (adj) | to build / to construct |
| consume (v) | consumption (n), consumer (n), consuming (adj) | to consume |
| credit (n/v) | creditor (n), accredited (adj) | credit / standing |
| culture (n) | cultural (adj), culturally (adv) | culture |
| design (v/n) | designer (n), designed (adj) | to design / design |
| element (n) | elements (pl), elementary (adj) | element / component |
| evaluate (v) | evaluation (n), evaluative (adj) | to evaluate |
| feature (n/v) | featured (adj), features (pl) | feature |
| final (adj) | finally (adv), finalize (v), finality (n) | final / last |
| focus (v/n) | focused (adj), focusing | to focus / focus |
| impact (n/v) | impactful (adj), impacts (pl) | impact |
| institute (n/v) | institution (n), institutional (adj) | institution / to establish |
| invest (v) | investment (n), investor (n) | to invest |
| item (n) | items (pl), itemize (v), itemized (adj) | item / entry |
| maintain (v) | maintenance (n), maintained (adj) | to maintain / to preserve |
| normal (adj) | normally (adv), normalize (v), normality (n), abnormal (adj) | normal / usual |
| obtain (v) | obtainable (adj), obtained (adj) | to obtain |
| participate (v) | participation (n), participant (n) | to participate |
| perceive (v) | perception (n), perceptive (adj), perceived (adj) | to perceive |
| positive (adj) | positively (adv), positivity (n) | positive |
| potential (adj/n) | potentially (adv) | potential / possible |
| previous (adj) | previously (adv) | previous |
| primary (adj) | primarily (adv) | primary / fundamental |
| purchase (v/n) | purchaser (n), purchased (adj) | to purchase / purchase |
| range (n/v) | ranging, ranged | range / series |
| region (n) | regional (adj), regionally (adv) | region |
| regulate (v) | regulation (n), regulatory (adj), regulator (n) | to regulate |
| relevant (adj) | relevance (n), irrelevant (adj) | relevant / valid |
| resource (n) | resources (pl), resourceful (adj) | resource |
| restrict (v) | restriction (n), restrictive (adj), restricted (adj) | to restrict |
| secure (adj/v) | security (n), securely (adv), secured (adj) | secure / to secure |
| seek (v) | sought (past), seeker (n) | to seek / to want |
| select (v/adj) | selection (n), selective (adj), selected (adj) | to select |
| strategy (n) | strategic (adj), strategically (adv), strategist (n) | strategy |
| survey (n/v) | surveyed, surveys, surveyor (n) | survey / to survey |
| text (n) | textual (adj), texts (pl) | text |
| tradition (n) | traditional (adj), traditionally (adv) | tradition |
| transfer (v/n) | transferable (adj), transferred | to transfer / transfer |
Aşağıdaki cümleler IELTS Writing Task 2 ve Speaking Part 3 kayıtına uygun, akademik ama abartısız üretimlerdir. Her cümledeki hedef kelimeyi bağlam içinde nasıl yerleştirdiğine dikkat et.
The sentences below are academic but not overblown productions, suited to the IELTS Writing Task 2 and Speaking Part 3 register. Notice how the target word in each sentence is placed in context.
Bir kelimeyi doğru formda kullanmak yetmez; onu doğru komşu kelimelerle eşleştirmen gerekir. Aşağıdaki tabloda Sublist 2 kelimelerinin en güçlü collocation'ları var. Bunları öbek olarak öğren.
| Kelime | Güçlü collocation | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| achieve | achieve a goal / achieve success / achieve a balance | hedefe ulaşmak / denge kurmak |
| impact | have a significant impact on / a lasting impact | üzerinde önemli / kalıcı etki |
| resource | natural resources / allocate resources / limited resources | doğal / kısıtlı kaynak |
| strategy | adopt a strategy / an effective strategy | strateji benimsemek |
| consequence | serious / far-reaching consequences | ciddi / geniş kapsamlı sonuçlar |
| invest | invest in / a substantial investment | ...e yatırım yapmak |
| maintain | maintain standards / maintain a balance | standartları korumak |
| range | a wide range of / range from ... to ... | geniş bir yelpaze / ...den ...e |
Şimdi de zayıf, genel kelimeleri akademik alternatifleriyle karşılaştıralım. IELTS'te aynı fikri daha üst bir kayıtta söyleyebilmek Band 6'dan 7'ye geçişin özüdür.
Using a word in the right form is not enough; you must also pair it with the right neighbouring words. The table below has the strongest collocations of the Sublist 2 words. Learn them as chunks.
| Word | Strong collocation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| achieve | achieve a goal / achieve success / achieve a balance | to reach a goal / to strike a balance |
| impact | have a significant impact on / a lasting impact | a significant / lasting impact on |
| resource | natural resources / allocate resources / limited resources | natural / limited resources |
| strategy | adopt a strategy / an effective strategy | to adopt a strategy |
| consequence | serious / far-reaching consequences | serious / far-reaching consequences |
| invest | invest in / a substantial investment | to invest in ... |
| maintain | maintain standards / maintain a balance | to maintain standards |
| range | a wide range of / range from ... to ... | a wide range / from ... to ... |
Now let us compare weak, general words with their academic alternatives. In IELTS, being able to express the same idea in a higher register is the essence of moving from Band 6 to 7.
Sublist 2 kelimeleri Türk öğrencilerde belirli hatalara yol açar. Bunları önceden bilmek, sınavda otomatik doğru formu seçmeni sağlar.
Sublist 2 words cause certain mistakes among Turkish learners. Knowing them in advance lets you choose the correct form automatically in the exam.
Aşağıdaki altı cümledeki boşlukları Sublist 2 kelimeleriyle doğru formda doldur. Önce kendi başına dene, sonra cevap anahtarını aç.
Fill the gaps in the six sentences below with the correct form. Try it on your own first, then open the answer key.