Bu sayfa Academic Word List (AWL) Sublist 10'u IELTS bağlamında işler: kelime aileleri, örnek cümleler ve sınav odaklı kullanım notları Türkçe açıklamalarla verilir.
This page covers the Academic Word List (AWL) Sublist 10 in an IELTS context: word families, example sentences and exam-focused usage notes are given with Turkish explanations.
AWL Sublist 10, akademik metinlerde en seyrek geçen ama Band 8+ yazılı ve sözlü performansta fark yaratan 30 headword'ü içerir. Genel bir çerçeve için AWL genel bakış sayfasına, bu kelimeleri gerçek görevlerde görmek için model cevaplar sayfasına göz atabilirsin.
AWL Sublist 10 contains the 30 headwords that appear most rarely in academic texts but make the difference in Band 8+ written and spoken performance. For a general framework, see the AWL overview page; to see these words in real tasks, check the model answers page.
Sublist 10 nedir? Academic Word List'in son ve en küçük dilimidir: akademik metinlerde diğer sublistlere göre daha nadir görülen 30 headword. Nadir olmaları onları önemsiz yapmaz; tam tersine nonetheless, notwithstanding, intrinsic ve whereby gibi kelimeler bir cevabı Band 6'dan Band 8'e taşıyan ince, olgun dokunuşlardır.
Bu sayfadaki 30 kelime: adjacent, albeit, assemble, collapse, colleague, compile, conceive, convince, depress, encounter, enormous, forthcoming, incline, integrity, intrinsic, invoke, levy, likewise, nonetheless, notwithstanding, odd, ongoing, panel, persist, pose, reluctance, so-called, straightforward, undergo, whereby.
What is Sublist 10? It is the last and smallest slice of the Academic Word List: 30 headwords that appear more rarely in academic texts than those of the other sublists. Being rare doesn't make them unimportant; on the contrary, nonetheless, notwithstanding, intrinsic and whereby words like these are the subtle, mature touches that lift an answer from Band 6 to Band 8.
The 30 words on this page: adjacent, albeit, assemble, collapse, colleague, compile, conceive, convince, depress, encounter, enormous, forthcoming, incline, integrity, intrinsic, invoke, levy, likewise, nonetheless, notwithstanding, odd, ongoing, panel, persist, pose, reluctance, so-called, straightforward, undergo, whereby.
Academic Word List (AWL), Averil Coxhead tarafından 570 kelime ailesinden oluşturulmuş ve akademik metinlerdeki görülme sıklığına göre 10 dilime (sublist) ayrılmıştır. Sublist 1 en sık geçen kelimeleri (analyse, concept, data...) içerirken, Sublist 10 en seyrek geçenleri barındırır ve yalnızca 30 headword'den oluşur.
Peki en nadir dilim neden değerli? Çünkü IELTS Writing ve Speaking bölümlerinde değerlendirme kriterlerinden biri Lexical Resource'tur. Değerlendirici, adayın "sık kullanılan az sayıda kelime"nin ötesine geçip geçmediğine bakar. İşte nonetheless, intrinsic veya albeit gibi kelimeleri doğru ve doğal kullanabilmek, tam olarak bu "az kullanılan ama isabetli kelime dağarcığı" izlenimini verir.
Bu sayfada 30 kelimenin her birini kelime ailesi, örnek cümle, collocation ve tipik hata açısından ele alıyoruz. Amaç ezber değil; kelimeyi bir cümle içinde güvenle üretebilmen.
The Academic Word List (AWL) was compiled by Averil Coxhead from 570 word families and divided into 10 slices (sublists) according to their frequency in academic texts. Sublist 1 contains the most frequent words (analyse, concept, data...), while Sublist 10 holds the rarest ones and consists of only 30 headwords.
So why is the rarest slice valuable? Because in the IELTS Writing and Speaking sections, one of the assessment criteria is Lexical Resource. The examiner looks at whether the candidate goes beyond a "small set of frequently used words". This is where nonetheless, intrinsic or albeit — being able to use words like these correctly and naturally — gives exactly this impression of a "rarely used but well-judged vocabulary".
On this page we cover each of the 30 words in terms of its word family, an example sentence, collocations and a typical mistake. The aim is not memorisation but being able to produce the word confidently in a sentence.
Aşağıdaki tabloda 30 headword'ün başlıca aile formları ve Türkçe karşılıkları var. IELTS'te bir kelimenin farklı formlarını (özellikle isim ve sıfat) tanımak, hem okuma/dinlemede hem de yazmada esneklik kazandırır.
| Headword | Aile formları | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| adjacent | adjacent (adj), adjacently (adv) | bitişik, komşu, yanındaki |
| albeit | albeit (conj) | her ne kadar, gerçi, olsa da |
| assemble | assemble (v), assembly (n), assembled (adj) | bir araya getirmek, toplamak; montaj |
| collapse | collapse (v/n), collapsed, collapsible (adj) | çökmek, çöküş; katlanabilir |
| colleague | colleague (n), colleagues (n) | meslektaş, iş arkadaşı |
| compile | compile (v), compilation (n), compiler (n) | derlemek, bir araya derlemek |
| conceive | conceive (v), conception (n), conceivable (adj), conceivably (adv) | tasarlamak, kavramak, düşünmek |
| convince | convince (v), convinced (adj), convincing (adj), convincingly (adv) | ikna etmek; inandırıcı |
| depress | depress (v), depression (n), depressed (adj), depressing (adj) | bunaltmak, düşürmek; durgunluk/bunalım |
| encounter | encounter (v/n), encountered, encountering | karşılaşmak; karşılaşma |
| enormous | enormous (adj), enormously (adv), enormity (n) | muazzam, devasa, çok büyük |
| forthcoming | forthcoming (adj) | yaklaşan, yakında gelecek; (bilgi için) açık |
| incline | incline (v/n), inclined (adj), inclination (n) | eğilmek, eğim; eğilim, yatkınlık |
| integrity | integrity (n) | bütünlük; dürüstlük, tutarlılık |
| intrinsic | intrinsic (adj), intrinsically (adv) | özünde olan, içsel, doğasında bulunan |
| invoke | invoke (v), invocation (n), invoked | başvurmak, öne sürmek, dayanmak |
| levy | levy (v/n), levied, levies | (vergi/harç) koymak; vergi, resim |
| likewise | likewise (adv) | aynı şekilde, benzer biçimde |
| nonetheless | nonetheless (adv) | yine de, buna rağmen |
| notwithstanding | notwithstanding (prep/adv) | -e rağmen, buna karşın |
| odd | odd (adj), oddly (adv), oddity (n), odds (n pl) | tuhaf; tek (sayı); odds: ihtimal |
| ongoing | ongoing (adj) | süregelen, devam eden |
| panel | panel (n/v), panelist (n), panelled (adj) | kurul, panel; levha, panel |
| persist | persist (v), persistence (n), persistent (adj), persistently (adv) | ısrar etmek, sürmek; kalıcı, ısrarlı |
| pose | pose (v/n), posed, posing | (tehdit/soru) oluşturmak, ortaya koymak; poz |
| reluctance | reluctance (n), reluctant (adj), reluctantly (adv) | isteksizlik, gönülsüzlük |
| so-called | so-called (adj) | sözde, güya, sözüm ona |
| straightforward | straightforward (adj), straightforwardly (adv) | açık, anlaşılır, dolambaçsız, kolay |
| undergo | undergo (v), underwent, undergone, undergoing | (bir süreçten) geçmek, maruz kalmak |
| whereby | whereby (adv/conj) | vasıtasıyla, yoluyla, ki bu sayede |
The table below has the main family forms of the 30 headwords and their Turkish equivalents. Recognising the different forms of a word (especially noun and adjective) in IELTS gives you flexibility in both reading/listening and writing.
| Headword | Family forms | Turkish |
|---|---|---|
| adjacent | adjacent (adj), adjacently (adv) | adjacent, neighbouring, next to |
| albeit | albeit (conj) | although, even though, albeit |
| assemble | assemble (v), assembly (n), assembled (adj) | to bring together, to assemble; assembly |
| collapse | collapse (v/n), collapsed, collapsible (adj) | to collapse, collapse (n); collapsible |
| colleague | colleague (n), colleagues (n) | colleague, co-worker |
| compile | compile (v), compilation (n), compiler (n) | to compile, to put together |
| conceive | conceive (v), conception (n), conceivable (adj), conceivably (adv) | to conceive, to grasp, to think up |
| convince | convince (v), convinced (adj), convincing (adj), convincingly (adv) | to convince; convincing |
| depress | depress (v), depression (n), depressed (adj), depressing (adj) | to depress, to lower; recession/depression |
| encounter | encounter (v/n), encountered, encountering | to encounter; an encounter |
| enormous | enormous (adj), enormously (adv), enormity (n) | enormous, huge, very big |
| forthcoming | forthcoming (adj) | upcoming, soon to come; (of information) forthcoming, open |
| incline | incline (v/n), inclined (adj), inclination (n) | to incline, slope; inclination, tendency |
| integrity | integrity (n) | integrity (wholeness); honesty, consistency |
| intrinsic | intrinsic (adj), intrinsically (adv) | inherent, intrinsic, in its very nature |
| invoke | invoke (v), invocation (n), invoked | to invoke, to cite, to appeal to |
| levy | levy (v/n), levied, levies | to impose (a tax/duty); a tax, a levy |
| likewise | likewise (adv) | likewise, similarly |
| nonetheless | nonetheless (adv) | nonetheless, in spite of that |
| notwithstanding | notwithstanding (prep/adv) | in spite of, notwithstanding |
| odd | odd (adj), oddly (adv), oddity (n), odds (n pl) | odd, strange; odd (number); odds: probability |
| ongoing | ongoing (adj) | ongoing, continuing |
| panel | panel (n/v), panelist (n), panelled (adj) | board, panel; sheet, panel |
| persist | persist (v), persistence (n), persistent (adj), persistently (adv) | to persist, to continue; persistent, insistent |
| pose | pose (v/n), posed, posing | to pose (a threat/question), to put forward; a pose |
| reluctance | reluctance (n), reluctant (adj), reluctantly (adv) | reluctance, unwillingness |
| so-called | so-called (adj) | so-called, supposedly, allegedly |
| straightforward | straightforward (adj), straightforwardly (adv) | clear, understandable, straightforward, easy |
| undergo | undergo (v), underwent, undergone, undergoing | to undergo (a process), to be subjected to |
| whereby | whereby (adv/conj) | by means of which, through which, whereby |
Aşağıda kelimeleri gerçek IELTS bağlamlarında (Writing Task 2 argümanı, Task 1 betimleme, Speaking cevabı) gösteren 10 cümle var. İngilizce kısımlar span içinde; ardından Türkçe açıklama (gloss) verilir.
Below are 10 sentences showing the words in real IELTS contexts (a Writing Task 2 argument, a Task 1 description, a Speaking answer). The English parts are inside a span ; each is followed by a gloss.
Kelimeyi bilmek yeterli değil; onunla hangi kelimelerin birlikte gittiğini (collocation) bilmek Band 7+ için şarttır. Aşağıdaki tablo en güçlü eşdizimleri veriyor.
| Kelime | Güçlü collocation | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| pose | pose a threat / a risk / a challenge / a question | tehdit/risk/zorluk/soru oluşturmak |
| levy | levy a tax / a fine / a duty (on) | vergi/ceza/gümrük koymak |
| undergo | undergo a change / treatment / training | değişim/tedavi/eğitimden geçmek |
| persist | a problem persists; persist in doing sth | sorun sürer; ısrarla yapmak |
| encounter | encounter difficulties / problems / resistance | zorluk/direnişle karşılaşmak |
| convince | convince sb of sth; a convincing argument | birini ikna etmek; inandırıcı sav |
| compile | compile data / a report / a list | veri/rapor/liste derlemek |
| enormous | an enormous impact / potential / amount | muazzam etki/potansiyel/miktar |
| integrity | academic / professional / structural integrity | akademik/mesleki dürüstlük; yapısal bütünlük |
| adjacent | adjacent to; the adjacent area / building | -e bitişik; komşu alan/bina (Task 1 harita!) |
Şimdi de basit kelimeleri Sublist 10 alternatifiyle nasıl yükselteceğini görelim. Aynı fikri daha akademik ifade etmek, Lexical Resource puanını doğrudan artırır.
Knowing a word is not enough; knowing which words go with it (collocation) is essential for Band 7+. The table below gives the strongest collocations.
| Word | Strong collocations | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| pose | pose a threat / a risk / a challenge / a question | to pose a threat/risk/challenge/question |
| levy | levy a tax / a fine / a duty (on) | to impose a tax/fine/duty |
| undergo | undergo a change / treatment / training | to undergo a change/treatment/training |
| persist | a problem persists; persist in doing sth | a problem persists; to keep doing sth insistently |
| encounter | encounter difficulties / problems / resistance | to encounter difficulties/resistance |
| convince | convince sb of sth; a convincing argument | to convince sb; a convincing argument |
| compile | compile data / a report / a list | to compile data/a report/a list |
| enormous | an enormous impact / potential / amount | an enormous impact/potential/amount |
| integrity | academic / professional / structural integrity | academic/professional integrity; structural integrity (soundness) |
| adjacent | adjacent to; the adjacent area / building | adjacent to; the neighbouring area/building (Task 1 maps!) |
Now let's see how to upgrade simple words with a Sublist 10 alternative. Expressing the same idea more academically directly raises your Lexical Resource score.
Bu kelimeler nadir olduğu için, ezberden yanlış kalıpla üretme riski yüksektir. En sık görülen tuzaklar:
Because these words are rare, there's a high risk of producing them from memory with the wrong pattern. The most common traps:
Şimdi öğrendiklerini boşluk doldurma ile test et. Doğru kelimeyi (gerekirse formunu değiştirerek) yerleştir; cevaplar aşağıda.
Kendini kontrol et:
Now test what you have learned with a gap-fill. Put in the correct word (changing its form if necessary); the answers are below.
Check yourself: