Tüm İngilizce kelime ve cümleler lang="en" içinde; açıklamalar Türkçe.
All the English words and sentences are within lang="en"; the explanations are in Turkish.
AWL Sublist 1, akademik İngilizcede en sık geçen kelime ailelerinin çekirdeğidir; bu 33 headword’ü aileleri, collocation’ları ve doğru dilbilgisel kayıtlarıyla öğrenmek IELTS Reading hızını ve Writing Lexical Resource puanını doğrudan yükseltir. Devamı: AWL genel bakış ve model cevaplar.
AWL Sublist 1 is the core of the most frequent word families in academic English; learning these 33 headwords with their families, collocations and correct grammatical registers directly boosts your IELTS Reading speed and your Writing Lexical Resource score. More: AWL overview and model answers.
AWL (Academic Word List), Yeni Zelandalı dilbilimci Averil Coxhead tarafından 2000 yılında derlenen ve akademik metinlerde en sık geçen 570 kelime ailesini kapsayan bir listedir. Coxhead, sanat, ticaret, hukuk ve fen bilimlerinden oluşan 3,5 milyon kelimelik akademik bir derlem (corpus) tarama yapmış; günlük İngilizcede zaten çok sık geçen ilk 2000 kelimeyi (General Service List) dışarıda bırakıp geriye kalan yüksek frekanslı akademik kelimeleri süzmüştür.
Liste, kelimelerin akademik metinlerdeki görülme sıklığına göre 10 alt listeye (sublist) ayrılır. Sublist 1 en sık kullanılan 60 kelime ailesini içerir ve akademik yazının damarıdır: bir akademik makale okuduğunuzda karşınıza çıkan “akademik olmayan” kelimelerin dışındaki her 100 kelimeden yaklaşık 8-10’u AWL kelimesidir; bunların en yoğun payı da Sublist 1’e aittir.
Neden Sublist 1 ile başlamalısın? Bu 60 aile (bu sayfada 33 çekirdek headword işleniyor) hem IELTS Reading pasajlarında hem de kendi Writing ve Speaking cevaplarında sürekli karşına çıkar. Bunları tanımak okuma hızını, üretmek ise Lexical Resource puanını doğrudan yükseltir.
IELTS’te bu kelimeler iki yönlü çalışır. Reading’de soru kökleri ve pasajlar genellikle bu kelimelerle kurulur (the researchers identified three main factors). Writing Task 2’de ise argüman kurarken bu kelimeler günlük dilin yerini alır: a significant factor, the data indicate, this approach requires gibi kalıplar cevabına akademik bir ton kazandırır. Band 7+ yazının ayırt edici özelliği, nadir “süslü” kelimeler değil, bu sık akademik kelimeleri doğru ve doğal biçimde kullanabilmektir.
Özet: AWL Sublist 1 = akademik İngilizcenin en yüksek frekanslı çekirdeği. Doğru öğrenmenin yolu kelimeyi tek başına değil, kelime ailesi + collocation + doğru dilbilgisel kayıt ile öğrenmektir. Bu sayfa tam olarak bunu yapıyor.
AWL (the Academic Word List) is a list compiled in 2000 by the New Zealand linguist Averil Coxhead, covering the 570 word families that appear most frequently in academic texts. Coxhead scanned a 3.5-million-word academic corpus made up of arts, commerce, law and science; she set aside the first 2000 words that are already very frequent in everyday English (the General Service List) and filtered out the remaining high-frequency academic words.
The list is divided, according to how often the words appear in academic texts, into 10 sublists . Sublist 1 contains the 60 most frequently used word families and is the lifeblood of academic writing: when you read an academic article, roughly 8-10 of every 100 words — apart from the “non-academic” words you meet — are AWL words, and the densest share of these belongs to Sublist 1.
Why should you start with Sublist 1? These 60 families (33 core headwords are covered on this page) come up constantly both in IELTS Reading passages and in your own Writing and Speaking answers. Recognising them boosts your reading speed, while producing them directly raises your Lexical Resource score.
In IELTS these words work in two directions. Reading, question stems and passages are usually built with these words (the researchers identified three main factors). Writing Task 2, when building an argument, these words take the place of everyday language: a significant factor, the data indicate, this approach requires such patterns give your answer an academic tone. The distinguishing feature of Band 7+ writing is not rare “fancy” words but being able to use these frequent academic words correctly and naturally .
Summary: AWL Sublist 1 = the highest-frequency core of academic English. The way to learn it properly is not the word on its own but learning it with word family + collocation + correct grammatical register . This page does exactly that.
Akademik kelimeyi tek başına ezberlemek yerine ailesiyle öğren: fiil, isim, sıfat ve zarf formlarını birlikte bilirsen cümlede doğru formu seçebilirsin. Aşağıdaki tabloda Sublist 1’in 33 çekirdek headword’ü ve en işlek aile formları var.
| Headword | Kelime ailesi (formlar) | Türkçe karşılık |
|---|---|---|
| analyse | analysis, analyses (isim çoğul), analyst, analytic(al), analytically | analiz etmek / çözümlemek |
| approach | approaches, approached, approaching; approachable, unapproachable | yaklaşım / yaklaşmak |
| assess | assesses, assessed, assessing; assessment, reassess | değerlendirmek |
| concept | concepts, conception, conceptual, conceptualise, conceptually | kavram |
| context | contexts, contextual, contextualise, contextually | bağlam / ortam |
| data | datum (tekil, nadir); veri kümesi anlamında çoğuldur | veri / veriler |
| environment | environments, environmental, environmentally, environmentalist | çevre / ortam |
| establish | establishes, established, establishing; establishment | kurmak / tespit etmek / yerleştirmek |
| factor | factors, factored, factoring | etken / faktör |
| function | functions, functioned, functioning; functional, functionally, functionality | işlev / işlemek, görev görmek |
| identify | identifies, identified, identifying; identification, identifiable, identity | belirlemek / teşhis etmek / tanımlamak |
| individual | individuals, individually; individualism, individuality | birey / bireysel |
| interpret | interprets, interpreted, interpreting; interpretation, interpretive, interpreter | yorumlamak / açıklamak |
| involve | involves, involved, involving; involvement | içermek / dahil etmek |
| issue | issues, issued, issuing | mesele / konu; (resmi) çıkarmak, yayımlamak |
| method | methods; methodical, methodically, methodology, methodological | yöntem / metot |
| occur | occurs, occurred, occurring; occurrence | meydana gelmek / gerçekleşmek |
| percent | percentage, percentages; per cent (BrE yazım) | yüzde |
| policy | policies | politika / izlence / ilke |
| principle | principles, principled, unprincipled | ilke / prensip |
| process | processes, processed, processing | süreç / işlem; işlemek |
| require | requires, required, requiring; requirement | gerektirmek / istemek |
| research | (sayılamaz) researches (nadir), researched, researching; researcher | araştırma / araştırmak |
| role | roles | rol / görev |
| section | sections, sectioned | bölüm / kesit / kısım |
| sector | sectors | sektör / kesim |
| significant | significantly, significance; signify, signified | önemli / anlamlı / kayda değer |
| similar | similarly, similarity, similarities; dissimilar | benzer |
| source | sources, sourced, sourcing | kaynak |
| specific | specifics, specifically; specify, specified, specification | belirli / özgül / kesin |
| structure | structures, structured, structuring; structural, structurally | yapı / yapılandırmak |
| theory | theories; theoretical, theoretically, theorist, theorise | kuram / teori |
| vary | varies, varied, varying; variable(s), variation, variance, various | değişmek / çeşitlenmek |
İpucu: Bir kelimenin sıfat ve zarf formunu bilmek Writing’te en çok işe yarar: significant → significantly, specific → specifically, structural → structurally. Zarf formu, cümleni yeniden kurmadan vurgu eklemeni sağlar.
Instead of memorising an academic word on its own, with its family learn it: if you know the verb, noun, adjective and adverb forms together, you can choose the correct form in a sentence. The table below has Sublist 1's 33 core headwords and their most common family forms.
| Headword | Word family (forms) | Turkish equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| analyse | analysis, analyses (noun plural), analyst, analytic(al), analytically | to analyse / to examine |
| approach | approaches, approached, approaching; approachable, unapproachable | approach; to approach |
| assess | assesses, assessed, assessing; assessment, reassess | to assess / to evaluate |
| concept | concepts, conception, conceptual, conceptualise, conceptually | concept |
| context | contexts, contextual, contextualise, contextually | context / setting |
| data | datum (singular, rare); plural in the sense of a data set | data |
| environment | environments, environmental, environmentally, environmentalist | environment / surroundings |
| establish | establishes, established, establishing; establishment | to establish / to determine / to set up |
| factor | factors, factored, factoring | factor |
| function | functions, functioned, functioning; functional, functionally, functionality | function; to function, to serve a role |
| identify | identifies, identified, identifying; identification, identifiable, identity | to identify / to diagnose / to define |
| individual | individuals, individually; individualism, individuality | individual (person); individual (adj.) |
| interpret | interprets, interpreted, interpreting; interpretation, interpretive, interpreter | to interpret / to explain |
| involve | involves, involved, involving; involvement | to involve / to include |
| issue | issues, issued, issuing | issue / matter; (formal) to issue, to publish |
| method | methods; methodical, methodically, methodology, methodological | method |
| occur | occurs, occurred, occurring; occurrence | to occur / to take place |
| percent | percentage, percentages; per cent (BrE spelling) | percent |
| policy | policies | policy / programme / principle |
| principle | principles, principled, unprincipled | principle |
| process | processes, processed, processing | process / procedure; to process |
| require | requires, required, requiring; requirement | to require / to demand |
| research | (uncountable) researches (rare), researched, researching; researcher | research; to research |
| role | roles | role / part |
| section | sections, sectioned | section / segment / part |
| sector | sectors | sector |
| significant | significantly, significance; signify, signified | significant / meaningful / considerable |
| similar | similarly, similarity, similarities; dissimilar | similar |
| source | sources, sourced, sourcing | source |
| specific | specifics, specifically; specify, specified, specification | specific / particular / precise |
| structure | structures, structured, structuring; structural, structurally | structure; to structure |
| theory | theories; theoretical, theoretically, theorist, theorise | theory |
| vary | varies, varied, varying; variable(s), variation, variance, various | to vary / to differ |
Tip: Knowing the adjective and adverb form of a word helps most in Writing: significant → significantly, specific → specifically, structural → structurally. The adverb form lets you add emphasis without rebuilding your sentence.
Kelimeyi ezberledin; şimdi cümle içinde gör. Aşağıdaki 10 model cümle, Sublist 1 kelimelerini IELTS Writing Task 2 ve akademik Reading bağlamında nasıl kullanacağını gösteriyor. İngilizce cümlenin altında Türkçe karşılığı var.
Dikkat et: Cümlelerin çoğu “isim + fiil + akademik kelime” iskeletini izliyor. Kendi cümlelerini kurarken önce sade bir çekirdek kur, sonra AWL kelimesini yerine oturt — süslemek için değil, tam anlamı vermek için.
You have memorised the word; now see it in a sentence : The 10 model sentences below show how to use Sublist 1 words in the context of IELTS Writing Task 2 and academic Reading.
Note: Most of the sentences follow a “noun + verb + academic word” skeleton. When building your own sentences, first make a plain core, then slot the AWL word into place — not to decorate, but to give the exact meaning.
Band 7+ yazının sırrı nadir kelimeler değil, doğru collocation’lardır: akademik kelimeyi birlikte kullanıldığı doğal kelime eşiyle öğrenmek. Aşağıda önce sık akademik collocation’lar, sonra günlük kelimeyi akademik karşılığına yükseltme çiftleri var.
| Kelime | Doğal collocation | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| significant | a significant increase / a significant impact / statistically significant | önemli bir artış / etki; istatistiksel olarak anlamlı |
| role | play a key role / play a crucial role in | kilit / hayati bir rol oynamak |
| factor | a major factor / a contributing factor / a decisive factor | başlıca / katkıda bulunan / belirleyici etken |
| approach | adopt an approach / a balanced approach / take a different approach | bir yaklaşım benimsemek / dengeli yaklaşım |
| research | conduct research / recent research suggests / a body of research | araştırma yürütmek / son araştırmalar / bir araştırma bütünü |
| data | data show / analyse data / collect data / raw data | veriler gösteriyor / veri analiz etmek / veri toplamak |
| policy | implement a policy / government policy / a policy aimed at | politika uygulamak / hükümet politikası |
| issue | address an issue / a pressing issue / raise an issue | bir sorunu ele almak / acil sorun / sorun ortaya atmak |
| process | a gradual process / the decision-making process | kademeli bir süreç / karar verme süreci |
| environment | protect the environment / a supportive environment | çevreyi korumak / destekleyici bir ortam |
| Günlük (zayıf) | Akademik (güçlü) | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| show / prove | indicate / demonstrate / establish | göstermek → işaret etmek / ortaya koymak |
| need | require | ihtiyaç duymak → gerektirmek |
| big / important | significant / major | büyük / önemli → kayda değer / başlıca |
| look at / study | analyse / examine / assess | bakmak / incelemek → analiz etmek / değerlendirmek |
| happen | occur | olmak → meydana gelmek |
| find out | identify / determine | bulmak → belirlemek / saptamak |
| way / method | approach / method | yol → yaklaşım / yöntem |
| part | section / factor / element | parça → bölüm / etken / öge |
| different / not the same | vary / differ | farklı → değişmek / farklılaşmak |
| include | involve / comprise | içermek → kapsamak / barındırmak |
Uyarı: Yükseltme “her kelimeyi değiştir” demek değildir. require, need’in her kullanımını karşılamaz — babies need love doğal, babies require love tuhaftır. Kelimeyi bağlama uydur.
The secret of Band 7+ writing is not rare words but correct collocations: learning an academic word together with the natural word it pairs with. Below are first the frequent academic collocations, then pairs for upgrading an everyday word to its academic equivalent.
| Word | Natural collocation | Turkish |
|---|---|---|
| significant | a significant increase / a significant impact / statistically significant | a significant increase / impact; statistically significant |
| role | play a key role / play a crucial role in | to play a key / crucial role |
| factor | a major factor / a contributing factor / a decisive factor | a major / contributing / decisive factor |
| approach | adopt an approach / a balanced approach / take a different approach | to adopt an approach / a balanced approach |
| research | conduct research / recent research suggests / a body of research | to conduct research / recent research / a body of research |
| data | data show / analyse data / collect data / raw data | the data show / to analyse data / to collect data |
| policy | implement a policy / government policy / a policy aimed at | to implement a policy / government policy |
| issue | address an issue / a pressing issue / raise an issue | to address an issue / a pressing issue / to raise an issue |
| process | a gradual process / the decision-making process | a gradual process / the decision-making process |
| environment | protect the environment / a supportive environment | to protect the environment / a supportive environment |
| Everyday (weak) | Academic (strong) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| show / prove | indicate / demonstrate / establish | to show → to indicate / to establish |
| need | require | to need → to require |
| big / important | significant / major | big / important → considerable / major |
| look at / study | analyse / examine / assess | to look at / to study → to analyse / to assess |
| happen | occur | to happen → to occur |
| find out | identify / determine | to find → to identify / to determine |
| way / method | approach / method | way → approach / method |
| part | section / factor / element | part → section / factor / element |
| different / not the same | vary / differ | different → to vary / to differ |
| include | involve / comprise | to include → to comprise / to contain |
Warning: Upgrading does not mean “replace every word”. require, need are not interchangeable in every use — babies need love is natural, babies require love is odd. Fit the word to the context .
Türk öğrencilerin Sublist 1 kelimelerinde en sık yaptığı hatalar genellikle yanlış form, yanlış dilbilgisel kayıt ve yazım/telaffuz üzerinedir. En kritik olanları:
1) Fiil mi isim mi karıştırmak. analyse fiildir, analysis isimdir. Yanlış: I will analysis the data. Doğru: I will analyse the data / My analysis shows.... Aynı tuzak: identify (fiil) vs identification (isim); interpret (fiil) vs interpretation (isim).
2) research sayılamaz bir isimdir. Yanlış: a research / many researches. Doğru: research / a piece of research / a great deal of research / studies. “Bir araştırma” demek istersen a study kullan.
3) data ile fiil uyumu. Akademik yazımda data çoğul kabul edilir: the data show / the data indicate (tekil the data shows konuşmada yaygınsa da resmi Writing’te çoğul tercih edilir). informations ise asla yoktur — information da sayılamaz.
4) Yazım tuzakları. environment (ortadaki n unutulur: yanlış enviroment); occur → occurred, occurring (çift r); significant (tek f, çift değil); similar (yanlış similiar); percent (BrE’de per cent ayrı yazılabilir).
5) Telaffuz & vurgu. analysis /a-NAL-ı-sis/ ikinci hecede vurgulanır; research İngiliz aksanında ilk hecede de olabilir; environment içindeki n sesletilir; theory /THÍ-ı-ri/ (“teori” gibi düz okunmaz).
Altın kural: Bir kelimeyi kullanmadan önce “bu cümlede fiil mi isim mi lazım?” diye sor, sonra doğru aile formunu seç. Form doğruysa hem Grammatical Range hem Lexical Resource puanın korunur.
The mistakes Turkish learners make most often with Sublist 1 words are usually about wrong form, wrong grammatical register and spelling/pronunciation . The most critical ones:
1) Confusing verb and noun. analyse is a verb, analysis is a noun. Wrong: I will analysis the data. Correct: I will analyse the data / My analysis shows.... The same trap: identify (verb) vs identification (noun); interpret (verb) vs interpretation (noun).
2) research is an uncountable noun. Wrong: a research / many researches. Correct: research / a piece of research / a great deal of research / studies. If you want to say “a single research study”, use a study .
3) data : verb agreement. In academic writing data is treated as plural: the data show / the data indicate (although the singular the data shows is common in speech, in formal Writing the plural is preferred). informations , on the other hand, never exists — information is also uncountable.
4) Spelling traps. environment (the middle n is dropped: wrong enviroment); occur → occurred, occurring (double r); significant (single f, not double); similar (wrong similiar); percent (in BrE per cent can be written separately).
5) Pronunciation & stress. analysis /uh-NAL-uh-sis/ is stressed on the second syllable; research in the British accent the stress can also fall on the first syllable; environment 's n is pronounced; theory /THEE-uh-ree/ (not read flat like the Turkish “teori”).
Golden rule: Before using a word, ask “do I need a verb or a noun in this sentence?”, then choose the correct family form. If the form is right, both your Grammatical Range and your Lexical Resource score are protected.
Şimdi test et. Her boşluğa parantez içindeki headword’ün doğru formunu yerleştir. Cevaplar ve kontrol listesi aşağıda.
Cevap anahtarı:
Push öncesi kişisel kontrol listesi:
Now test yourself. In each gap, place the correct form of the headword in brackets. The answers and checklist are below.
Answer key:
Personal checklist before you finalise: