Map (Harita) Nasıl Yazılır — IELTS Konu Anlatımı

IELTS Writing Task 1'de harita (map) sorusu genellikle bir yerin (kasaba, sahil kenti, hastane, ada, kampüs) iki farklı zamandaki halini gösterir: örneğin 1990 ve günümüz. Senden istenen tek şey, bu iki dönem arasında neyin değiştiğini nesnel biçimde betimlemektir. Yorum yapmaz, sebep aramaz, "daha güzel olmuş" gibi görüş belirtmezsin.

Harita sorusunun diğer Task 1 tiplerinden en büyük farkı: sayı yoktur. Grafikte trend ve rakam okursun; haritada ise bir şeyin inşa edildiğini, yıkıldığını, yerinin değiştiğini ya da başka bir şeye dönüştürüldüğünü anlatırsın. Bu yüzden dilin kalbinde edilgen çatı ve yön/konum dili bulunur.

4 paragraf şablonu (her zaman aynı):

Introduction – Soru cümlesini kendi kelimelerinle yeniden yaz (paraphrase). "İki harita X yerinin iki dönem arasındaki değişimlerini gösteriyor."
Overview – En önemli genel dönüşümü tek-iki cümlede özetle. Detay yok. Örn: bölge kırsaldan kentsele/turistik alana dönüştü, doğal alanlar yapılaşmayla yer değiştirdi.
Detail 1 – Haritanın bir bölümünü (ör. kuzey/nehrin bir yakası) al, o bölgedeki değişiklikleri sırayla anlat.
Detail 2 – Diğer bölümü (ör. batı/sahil) al, oradaki eklenen ve kaldırılan yapıları anlat.

Metni bölgeye göre bölmek (kuzey/güney ya da nehir/sahil) kronolojiye göre bölmekten daha güçlü ve daha okunaklıdır. Toplam uzunluk 170-200 kelime olmalı; 150 kelimenin altı puan kırdırır.

Aşağıda bu türde gerçek bir IELTS sorusu, görseli ve Band 8+ model cevabı yer alıyor. Model cevap, bu sayfadaki dört-paragraf metodun birebir uygulamasıdır; her paragrafın işlevine dikkat et.

Soru. The maps below show the town of Riverdale in 1995 and in 2025.

Model cevap (186 kelime)

Introduction. The two maps show how the town of Riverdale changed over a thirty-year period between 1995 and 2025.

Overview. Overall, Riverdale developed from a largely rural settlement into a far more built-up town. The most striking changes were the replacement of farmland with a shopping centre and the considerable expansion of housing, while the natural features were reduced to make way for development.

Detail 1. In 1995, the town was dominated by open countryside. A large area of woodland occupied the north-west, and extensive farmland lay to the south of the main road, which ran from east to west across the centre. Only a small cluster of houses stood to the east of the river, which flowed from north to south.

Detail 2. By 2025 the town had been transformed. The farmland had been built over and replaced by a large shopping centre, while the number of houses to the east had risen substantially. A new school had been constructed to the north of the road, and a bridge had been added across the river to improve access. The woodland, meanwhile, had been significantly reduced in size to accommodate this growth.

Neden yüksek band: Harita = edilgen cati + yon ifadeleri (north-west, east, from north to south). Gecmis/past perfect: had been transformed, had been built over. Sayi yok, degisim anlatilir.

Haritada değişimi yapan kişi belli olmadığı için ("belediye yaptı" demezsin) neredeyse her cümle edilgen (passive) kurulur: be + V3. "A new hotel was built" dersin, "They built a new hotel" demezsin. Aşağıdaki fiiller haritanın omurgasıdır; birini tekrar tekrar kullanmak yerine bunları çeşitlendir.

Fiil (edilgen)	Anlam	Örnek cümle
was built / was constructed	inşa edildi	A new hotel was built near the shore.
was replaced by	yerini ... aldı	The farmland was replaced by a housing estate.
was demolished / was knocked down	yıkıldı	The old factory was demolished.
was converted into / was turned into	...'e dönüştürüldü	The school was converted into a museum.
was expanded / was extended	genişletildi	The harbour was expanded to the east.
was relocated / was moved	başka yere taşındı	The car park was relocated to the north.
was cleared / was removed	temizlendi / kaldırıldı	The forest was cleared to make way for flats.
was widened	(yol) genişletildi	The narrow lane was widened into a main road.

İki dönem = geçmiş zaman + past perfect. Değişimler tamamlanmış olduğu için genelde was/were + V3 kullanırsın; ikinci dönemi öncekiyle karşılaştırırken had been + V3 ile ince bir zaman katmanı ekleyebilirsin: "By the present day, the farmland had been converted into flats."

Faydalı kalıplar: to make way for ... ("...'e yer açmak için"), on the site of the old ... ("eski ...'nın yerinde"), in place of ... ("...'nın yerine").

Since the person making the change in the map is not specified (you do not say "the municipality did it"), almost every sentence is constructed in passive: be + V3. You say, "A new hotel was built", not "They built a new hotel". The verbs below are the backbone of the map; instead of using one repeatedly, diversify them.

Verb (passive)	Meaning	Example sentence
was built / was constructed	was built	A new hotel was built near the shore.
was replaced by	was replaced by ...	The farmland was replaced by a housing estate.
was demolished / was knocked down	was demolished	The old factory was demolished.
was converted into / was turned into	was transformed into ...	The school was converted into a museum.
was expanded / was extended	was expanded	The harbour was expanded to the east.
was relocated / was moved	was moved to another place	The car park was relocated to the north.
was cleared / was removed	was cleared / removed	The forest was cleared to make way for flats.
was widened	was widened (road)	The narrow lane was widened into a main road.

Two periods = past tense + past perfect. Since the changes are completed, you generally use was/were + V3; when comparing the second period with the previous one, you can add a subtle layer of time with had been + V3: "By the present day, the farmland had been converted into flats."

Useful phrases: to make way for ... ("to make room for ..."), on the site of the old ... ("on the site of the old ..."), in place of ... ("in place of ...").

Harita sorusunda okuyucunun neyin nerede olduğunu görmeden anlaması gerekir; bu yüzden her değişikliği bir konuma bağlaman şart. "A hotel was built" eksik kalır; "A hotel was built to the north of the river" tam olur. Yön ve konum ifadelerini serpiştirmek Coherence ve Lexical Resource puanını yükseltir.

İfade	Anlam	Kullanım
to the north / south / east / west (of)	...'nın kuzeyinde/güneyinde	A car park was added to the west of the town.
in the north-east / south-west	kuzeydoğuda / güneybatıda	Flats appeared in the south-west corner.
in the centre / in the middle of	merkezde / ortasında	A roundabout was built in the centre.
alongside / next to / adjacent to	... boyunca / bitişiğinde	A path was laid alongside the river.
on the site of	...'nın bulunduğu yerde	A gym stands on the site of the old market.
opposite / across from	karşısında	A hotel was built opposite the station.
surrounded by / bordered by	ile çevrili / sınırlı	The lake is now surrounded by trees.
in the top-left / bottom-right corner	sol üst / sağ alt köşede	A school appeared in the top-left corner.

Altın kural: değişim fiili + yön dili birlikte gider. Her cümlede "ne oldu" (was built/demolished) ve "nerede" (to the north / alongside) sorularının ikisini de yanıtla. Bu ikili, harita cevabının tamamını taşır.

In the map question, the reader must understand what is where without seeing it; therefore, you must link every change to a location. "A hotel was built" is incomplete; "A hotel was built to the north of the river" is complete. Sprinkling directional and location expressions increases your Coherence and Lexical Resource score.

Expression	Meaning	Usage
to the north / south / east / west (of)	to the north/south of ...	A car park was added to the west of the town.
in the north-east / south-west	in the north-east / south-west	Flats appeared in the south-west corner.
in the centre / in the middle of	in the centre / in the middle of	A roundabout was built in the centre.
alongside / next to / adjacent to	alongside / next to	A path was laid alongside the river.
on the site of	on the site of ...	A gym stands on the site of the old market.
opposite / across from	opposite	A hotel was built opposite the station.
surrounded by / bordered by	surrounded by / bordered by	The lake is now surrounded by trees.
in the top-left / bottom-right corner	in the top-left / bottom-right corner	A school appeared in the top-left corner.

The golden rule: change verbs + directional language go together. In every sentence, answer both "what happened" (was built/demolished) and "where" (to the north / alongside). This pairing carries the entire map answer.

Aşağıdaki senaryo bir harita sorusunu yazıyla tarif eder; sonra Band 8+ bir model gelir. Gerçek sınavda iki resim olurdu, burada değişimleri metin olarak veriyoruz.

Soru senaryosu: The two maps below show the coastal village of Seaton in 1990 and in the present day.

1990: Nehrin kuzeyi tamamen tarım arazisi; sahil boyunca güneyde tek bir dar yol var. Doğuda limanın yanında birkaç ev kümelenmiş. Batıda geniş bir orman ve kıyıda küçük bir balıkçı iskelesi bulunuyor.

Günümüz: Kuzeydeki tarım arazisi temizlenip büyük bir konut sitesine dönüştürülmüş; dar sahil yolu ana yola genişletilmiş. Batıdaki orman kaldırılıp yerine otel ve otopark yapılmış; eski liman genişletilmiş ve doğusuna bir marina eklenmiş, balıkçı iskelesi tamamen kaldırılmış.

Introduction. The two maps illustrate the developments that took place in the coastal village of Seaton between 1990 and the present day.

Overview. Overall, the settlement was transformed from a small rural village into a busy tourist resort, as farmland and open fields were replaced by residential and commercial facilities, while transport links were considerably improved.

Detail 1. In 1990, the area to the north of the river was dominated by farmland, and a single road ran alongside the coast in the south. A small number of houses were clustered near the harbour in the east. By the present day, the farmland had been cleared and converted into a large housing estate, and the narrow coastal road had been widened into a main highway.

Detail 2. Meanwhile, several significant additions appeared in the west. The forest was demolished to make way for a hotel and a car park, which were built close to the shore. In addition, the old harbour was expanded and a marina was constructed to its east, whereas the fishing port that once stood there had been removed entirely.

Türkçe analiz. Model tam olarak 176 kelime ve dört net paragraftan oluşur. Dikkat edilecek noktalar:

Introduction soru cümlesini yeniden yazar: show yerine illustrate the developments that took place.
Overview tek bir büyük dönüşümü verir (rural village → tourist resort) ve hiç detaya girmez – harita sorusunun kalbi budur.
Metin bölgeye göre bölünmüş: Detail 1 kuzey/güney, Detail 2 batı. Bu yapı okuyucunun kafasında haritayı canlandırır.
Neredeyse her cümle edilgen: were replaced, had been cleared, was demolished, was expanded, had been removed. Değişimi yapan özneden hiç bahsedilmez.
Her değişiklik bir konuma bağlı: to the north of the river, alongside the coast, in the east, to its east, close to the shore.
Sıfır sayı, sıfır yorum. "Turizm iyi bir gelişme" gibi bir cümle yok; sadece nesnel dönüşüm var.

The scenario below describes a map question in writing; then a Band 8+ model follows. In the actual exam, there would be two images; here we provide the changes in text form.

Question scenario: The two maps below show the coastal village of Seaton in 1990 and in the present day.

1990: The north of the river is entirely agricultural land; there is a single narrow road along the coast in the south. A few houses are clustered near the harbour in the east. There is a large forest in the west and a small fishing pier on the shore.

Present day: The agricultural land in the north has been cleared and transformed into a large housing estate; the narrow coastal road has been widened into a main road. The forest in the west has been removed and replaced with a hotel and a car park; the old harbour has been expanded and a marina has been added to its east, while the fishing pier has been completely removed.

Introduction. The two maps illustrate the developments that took place in the coastal village of Seaton between 1990 and the present day.

Overview. Overall, the settlement was transformed from a small rural village into a busy tourist resort, as farmland and open fields were replaced by residential and commercial facilities, while transport links were considerably improved.

Detail 1. In 1990, the area to the north of the river was dominated by farmland, and a single road ran alongside the coast in the south. A small number of houses were clustered near the harbour in the east. By the present day, the farmland had been cleared and converted into a large housing estate, and the narrow coastal road had been widened into a main highway.

Detail 2. Meanwhile, several significant additions appeared in the west. The forest was demolished to make way for a hotel and a car park, which were built close to the shore. In addition, the old harbour was expanded and a marina was constructed to its east, whereas the fishing port that once stood there had been removed entirely.

Turkish analysis. The model is exactly 176 words and consists of four clear paragraphs. Points to note:

Introduction rewrites the question sentence: show is replaced with illustrate the developments that took place.
Overview provides a single major transformation (rural village → tourist resort) and does not go into details – this is the heart of the map question.
The text is divided by area: Detail 1 north/south, Detail 2 west. This structure helps the reader visualize the map.
Almost every sentence is passive: were replaced, had been cleared, was demolished, was expanded, had been removed. The subject performing the change is never mentioned.
Each change is linked to a location: to the north of the river, alongside the coast, in the east, to its east, close to the shore.
No numbers, no comments. There is no sentence like "Tourism is a good development"; there is only objective transformation.

1. Etken çatı kullanmak. "They built a hotel" ya da "The council demolished the forest" yanlış tondadır – haritada eylemi yapanı bilmezsin. Daima edilgen: "A hotel was built", "The forest was cleared".

2. Yön dilini atlamak. "A car park was added" okuyucuya yer söylemez. Her cümleye konum ekle: "A car park was added to the west, alongside the new hotel."

3. Sadece tek dönemi anlatmak. Bazı öğrenciler 1990'ı uzun uzun betimleyip günümüzü unutur (ya da tersi). Görev karşılaştırmadır: her bölge için "önce böyleydi, sonra şuna dönüştü" kalıbını kur.

4. Sayı ve tahmin uydurmak. Haritada mesafe, alan ya da nüfus verilmez; "the town grew by 40%" gibi cümleler kurma. Değişimi nitel anlat: considerably expanded, entirely removed, significantly developed.

5. Overview'ı detaya boğmak. Genel bakış tek büyük değişimi söyler; bina bina saymaz. Detayları Detail 1 ve Detail 2'ye sakla.

6. Değişmeyen unsuru abartmak. Nehir, sahil çizgisi gibi sabit kalan öğeler kısa bir cümlede belirtilir ("The river to the north remained unchanged"), ama paragraf dolduracak kadar uzatılmaz – puan değişimden gelir.

Yazmayı bitirdiğinde metnini bu listeyle denetle. Her madde "evet" olmalı.

4 paragraf var mı? (Introduction – Overview – Detail 1 – Detail 2)
Toplam 170-200 kelime aralığında mı?
Introduction soru cümlesini kendi kelimelerimle yeniden yazdı mı? (kopyala-yapıştır değil)
Overview tek bir genel dönüşümü mü veriyor (kırsaldan kentsele vb.), detaysız mı?
Cümlelerin çoğu edilgen mi? (was built / was replaced by / was demolished / was converted into)
Her değişiklik bir yön/konuma bağlı mı? (to the north, in the centre, alongside)
Metin bölgeye göre mi bölünmüş (kuzey/güney, nehir/sahil)?
Sayı yok, yorum yok, sebep-sonuç tahmini yok, değil mi?
Değişmeyen sabit unsurlar kısaca belirtildi mi (gerekiyorsa)?
Görselli tam bir modeli ielts-ornek-sorular sayfasında incel-edim mi?